Hindustan Motors Limited Analysis

Hindustan Motors Limited AnalysisHindustan Motors Limited is ancestor to entirely automobile manufacturing companies of India. It was put in in 1942 before Indias independence. It was a flagship telephoner of C.K. Birla group. ab initio caller-up had a small assembling pose up at Port Okha, Gujarat. Main purpose was to reduce transportation cost be get along all separate were merchandise from foreign companies. Later it was shifted to Uttarpara, West Bengal collectable to cheaper raw materials and cheap labor cost. This later mattered in oneness of the most prospering push back car of India the embassador.Apart from the embassador Hindustan Motors Limited has been active in drudgery of various types of passenger cars, trucks and multi utility vehicle.Hindustan motors collaborated with Mitsubishi motors, Japan and introduce mid size premium segment cars much(prenominal) as Mitsubishi Lancer, Lancer select and Lancer Cedia. The confederation brought beginning(a) spor ts utility vehicle to India which was Mitsubishi Pajero. Besides passenger cars (Ambassador, Grand, and Avigo), Multi Utility Vehicles (Trekker, Porter, and Pushpak) and the RTV, Hindustan Motors overly manufactures passenger cars in the mid size premium segment (Mitsubishi Lancer, Lancer Select, and Lancer Cedia) and has brought in Sports Utility Vehicle (Mitsubishi Pajero) into the Indian market billet in collaboration with Mitsubishi Motors, Japan. Company made collaboration with General Motors and their joint venture produced Bedford trucks and Vauxhall motors during mid-eighties and nineties. The partnership became 50-50 when General Motors bought Hindustan Motors plant at Halol, Gujarat in 1999.After almost seven decades Hindustan Motors is still actively contributing in countrys automobile market. Its manufacturing facilities be established in Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Hindustan Motors motto is quality, precaution with environmental c atomic number 18 . It has been providing total solutions for customer care.Executive SummaryC. K. BirlaHe is the chairman of the Board of Hindustan Motors LTD. He has a vast experience of business as he has been a successful industrialist since decades. Along with the chairmans post he serves as an independent non executive consumeor of Hindustan Motors LTD.Manoj JhaHe is recently promoted as a Managing Director at Hindustan Motors LTD. He is an executive vice president of engineering division and member of the management board. He analyze hi engineering from Ranchi University.Yogesh GoenkaHe is a chief financial officer, compliance officer and union secretary. He did Bachelor of commerce as well as AICWA, ACS, MBM.OBJECTIVE OF THE COMPANYMain objective of the lodge is to provide an automobile with comfort and safety. The play along has collaboration with international companies much(prenominal) as normal motors, Vauxhall motors and Mitsubishi motor suggests that friendship has eternally bee n thriving for technology. Still the club is looking for learning and technological enhancement to bounce back recent declining in its sell. According to the chairman of Hindustan Motors the alliance main objective is to increase the selling of their knottyies by improving its managerial structure. The corporation is looking for rising and affordable harvest-time which stool boost up their selling.Main purpose of this show paper is to study ab forth declining of their formerly most successful shape the ambassador.The carrefour- The ambassadorThe ambassador model was based on Morris Oxford model which was manufactured in Cowley by Morris motors. Initially Hindustan motors started the mathematical crossroadion of Land master in 1954 near Uttarpara plant Kolkata. This led to production of ambassador in 1957. Thus 1957 can be counted as e year when ambassador first came into worldness. The ambassador was considered to be best suited to harsh Indian terrain thats why it became truly popular. AT that time it was said if you call for to welcome comfort exact an ambassador.Till 1980s there were merely two Indian cars operable in Indian market ambassador and padmini. Due to its comfort and ability to sustain strong blows on harsh terrain ambassador captured almost 70% of the Indian automobile market.It is to be noted that ambassador was once called the limousine of India because all politicians, famous businessmen prefer to suffer ambassador. It was a status symbol because of its steep appearance.It is strange that till 2001 the ambassador remain popular in taxi segment because it was said that the ambassador has ability to sustain shock during motor accident better than any early(a) car in stock(predicate) at that time. The credit goes to the manufacturing department of ambassador because the chassis of ambassador was such rigid that it can give way heavy blow from front as well as from side and rear.Till 90s India was sellers market way customer had to wait for a long time to get the product. withdraw an example of BAJAJ scooter, during 80s the condition was if parole wants a scooter than father should apply for that so that afterwards a long time news can be able to drive it. Well it is an exaggeration but the conditions for automobile market were actually bad e peculiar(prenominal)ly for a new company to jump in because government had laid very harsh rules on foreign companys entry and imported material became very pricy.This give ambassador a dominant built in bed for a few decades with some extraordinary features as discussed above and the ambassador succeeded to wield it for a long period.Decline-The product is in decline during last decade and the sales are lessen it is surprising for such once successful model. To find bulge the products recent condition PORTER model analytic conjectureing and SWOT analysis have been carried out as sh avow below.PORTER model analysis-Against new entrants such as Maruti Suzuki, Honda, Ford, Hyundai etc the company failed to compete and continued with their existing scheme. It has found that after the year of 2000 the product has been in decline the table below gives its detail.As shown in the table despite of change magnitude progeny of automobiles in India the selling of ambassador is continuously decreasing.The company failed to cop up with ongoing circumstances such as in baptistery of suppliers it failed to judge the pace of the industry and it remained slow in comparison of others.The company remained stick to only one brand sum they didnt have varieties of products. The ambassador was on hand(predicate) with nearly the aforementioned(prenominal) features doneout its existence. While Maruti Suzuki which has sprain the largest car stupefyr of India implemented various products having various features which made the company growing in basis of profit and selling.Companys market share has been decreased delinquent to interna l competition among union and management.SWOT analysisStrengthAmbassador was the first car produce by an Indian company. It became a huge success story as well. on that point was a time when ambassador was exported to the countries the like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri lanka and Myanmar. It was exported to Middle East countries as well.Due to its long reign in India Company has a roomy network of service centers. It consists of 115 strong dealers, 50 parts dealers and 60 additional sole(prenominal) parts dealers.In 2006 the company has invested huge amount to establish production capacity for its product part.As declared earlier the image of ambassador as a car is still strong in Indian customers mind as trustworthy vehicle in all terms.WeaknessesThe model hasnt been modificationd much since its first appearance. A customer conveys change with improvement in outer look as well as its performance. As far as performance is concerned the ambassador is OK if compared with the modern cars. In case of look, its not at all attractive or impressive for younger generation.The company came to manufacturing when government rules were tough for any outsiders. As verbalize earlier Indian market at that time was sellers market. Low al-Quran high impairment is all that Hindustan motors gave to its customers.When the laws were made liberal and new companies jumped into Indian market the company didnt pull back considerable changes for manufacturing surgical process which couldnt cop up with new demand.Ambassador is the most dominant among all products of Hindustan motors. still new customers want safety with fuel efficiency. Ambassador promises safety but it was not fuel efficacious when compared to modern cars.The employees were not efficient overdue to union problems which were a result of improper human imaginativeness management.Though the company had made several tie ups but later on when mandatory to pick up new technology it lacks global export markets.Opp ortunitiesThe ambassador is still comed as the most lucky car.Old age people prefer to have ambassador than any other car due to its impressive record against accidents.The company can modify the same car and it can make it much(prenominal) fuel efficient to attract middle class.There are examples of such long reigning cars. Take an example of Volkswagen beetle which was introduce in early 40s and its production continued till the beginning of twenty-first century. Volkswagen has deliver the goodsd this by continuously changing the design and internal features. Same is needed to be done in case of ambassador as well.ThreatsEmployees are not motivated enough to their job faith in full.More and much new companies are coming to India as it is becoming a giant market for automobile industry. any companys aim is to provide the most fuel efficient and trustworthy car.According to company ambassador has been intentional and manufactured over the years in such a way that it is almo st difficult to change its features.It is most important to see how company has implemented the marketing unite strategy to its product so that it is declining.4 PS OF MARKETINGProductAmbassador the first Indian car manufactured in India. The most successful car of Indian automobile history.Figure AmbassadorThe ambassador has a ruling 5420 cc engine, heavy axles, hydraulic brakes and bigger suspensions.Before considering the ambassador first of all it is required to k right away what company should be looking for when they introduce their product.For whom it is manufacturing its product?How much benefit they are expecting?Which position going to be the best for their product?What is their product offering that others is not?When the ambassador was launched the company was fully aware that only rich people would be buying their product because they provided all facilities that were arrange at that time. Also ambassadors have been used by ministers as well so for them there wer e special models having security implements such as bullet proof glass.The company was fully aware of what it going to achieve because at that time there was no competition and the market was unsolved to it.PricePricing is another(prenominal) important element of marketing mix. Pricing brings money back to the company and companys profit depends on it. different three Ps depends on footing it is voiced to understand that remaining P require cost. Product needs cost from early design to manufacture. Placing means distribution withal needs cost. promotional material also requires cost. These costs are variable cost to the company. Pricing to be blameless must show submit and demand relationship. Pricing a product too high or too low cause loss to the company therefore it should lie in between. There are different factors which should be considered as shown below.Fixed and variable costsCompetitionCompany objectivesProposed positioning strategiesTarget group and go forthingnes s to payIn case of ambassador Hindustan Motors has used Product Line Pricing i.e. For the same product the company has set different hurts for different features.PlacePlace strategiesPlace strategies include the ways of distribution by the manufacturer. The manufacturer should have a clear idea about the market. The manufacturer should be aware of the demand and wherefore it should provide the submit. These demand and supply should be balanced properly because in a condition where supply is less than demand, the customer dissatisfaction in acquiring the product results into loss for the company. In most conditions the customers starts favor other companies product though they are not as better. Therefore just because of improper supply the company lost its good will.There are mainly two kinds of placing strategies. The manufacture may go through any one of them depending upon which suits it the most. As shown in figure in one strategy there isnt influence contact between manufa cturer and the customer in this case the company doesnt need to defend out surveys for demands all it needs to do is maintaining proper supply to the whole seller. However in this case the company may not come to know about what the customer wants and this considers to misinterpretation of customer need due to indirect contact having so many extra elements in between. This problem can be outside by maintaining direct contact of the company with its customer as shown in figure. In this case the manufacturer directly supplies its products to the customer. But this needs a wide distribution network by the company which is costly depending upon the size of the company.First channel of distribution is called indirect distribution and second channel of distribution is called direct distribution.indirect distributiondirect distributionFigure Above indirect distribution (left) and direct distribution (right).The ambassador has been distributed by indirect distribution method thats the r eason why in later years the company fails to recognize the customers need.Depending on the type of product being distributed there are three common distribution strategies availableDistributionAccording to the nature of the product there are few distribution strategies as shown below. intensifier distribution As the name suggests this distribution is high in numbers and widely spread. It generally doesnt need the survey as the products are common and general. Example chocolate, soft drinks, biscuitExclusive distribution round products are there which need proper demonstration and guidance so that customer can be made fully aware of what he is paying for. These products are highly prices. Example Cars, bikes etc.selective distribution This kind of distribution consists of wide space where customer has a freedom to have a look and select a product from wide varieties. Example TV, computers etc.Hindustan motors have used exclusive distribution method over the year which is common for any car manufacturer.PromotionPromotion means advertising the product. A product without furtherance is a complete failure as through the promotion the customer comes to know about the product. There are different promotion strategies as shown below. advertising Advertisement can be said as a non personal promotion activity through media. cosmos relations Good relations with the customers as well as media persons make the promotion easier as in this case company doesnt need to do any matter.Sales promotion Company can give vouchers or coupons to attract the customer. Discount scheme, free scheme are examples of sales promotion.Personal selling Door to admittance selling or personal to personal selling comes under this category.Promotion of ambassador comes under the earthly concern relations as due to its image as a successful car the media and people has been promoting it over the years. The company has never or barely used advertisement or sales promotion.RECENT matchCompanyS ales during 2010 (million Rs.)Hindustan motors5802.7Maruti suzuki296230.10Swaraj Mazda7167.60Mahindra and Mahindra186021.10Table Comparison of sales with other companies(Source http//bseindia.com/bseplus/StockR from each one/AdvanceStockReach.aspx?scripcode=500500)It can be seen from the figures that at redeem the company is far behind from market leaders like Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra.CRITICAL ANALYSISCritical analysis of this particular project requires thorough understanding of marketing mix strategy. To give personal views about anything first of all one should make himself familiar with the subject. Thats exactly what I did. Before starting the project I went through on line papers and explanation about the marketing mix strategy. I found that though everywhere the concept to be used was marketing mix but its implementation was different. want All roads lead to Rome all of them were leading to the success of their company by successful implementation of marketi ng mix strategy. During the lectures I heard the tutors saying about getting into marketing mix by doing a practical experiment. It is obvious that they were not saying about establishing a new company of implementing a marketing mix strategy actually. Its about taking any company and than putting my own ideas about marketing mix strategy into motion. The same thing has been done by me during this assignment. I have selected a company the product of which is in decline since three or four years. I carried out analysis based on what was taught to me. Now I am going to give my personal smell about marketing mix strategy and its implementation.In the beginning it is important about the value offered by the company to its customers. I have selected the oldest Indian automobile company named Hindustan motors. The product which I considered was ambassador car. The product has been successful until last two decades than it started declining due to the factors which I have discussed earlie r.So what is value?In general the value can be defined as the ratio of function to the cost. Any company can increase the value of its product by increasing its function and decreasing its cost. Functions may vary tallyly such as it may be visual appearance, comfort, promising performance etc. It seems simple to increasing value by increasing function or by decreasing cost but actually it is the most important and complex feature for any manufacturing company to be succeeded. A customer always judge the product by the value offered from it. Sometimes it may be more functions sometimes it may be less costs. The company should be therefore aware of what customer wants from its product. If company knows the value expect from the customer it tries to make some changes into the product in terms of functions or cost. This is not an easy assess because the company has to make some changes in its manufacturing process and sometimes within the organization. One wrong gradation can lead t o complete contradict outcome and leads company to the loss.According to Devst the value creation process is more effective in manufacturing company than other sectors (Deyst, 2000). Other sectors include service sectors such as an airline company, insurance company where the company provides service instead of the product. It appears that these service sectors change their goal and attention more rapidly than the manufacturing sectors. Therefore value creation process is not as important for them as it is for manufacturing companies.For manufacturing companies final value of the product depends on value of the product during its manufacturing process. In other words according to Lean development of product and final value of the product are strongly related with each other (Lean, 1998). Thus the value should be defined after each phase of the product development process. However creation of value at each stage requires severe value addition to act as ahead of the competitor.There are few who think that value creation process cant lead company towards its goal. According to Lloyd value creation doesnt indicate the vision of the company. Value is nothing rather than a conceptual idea. I dont agree with that because I have found during the research for this particular company that delimit value is the most important factor to attain marketing lead. Hindustan Motors failed to attain value in terms of appearance and fuel efficiency of ambassador when other companies were launching new products into the market. This leads to decreasing sales of ambassador. The company didnt make proper market research and they continued to do the same over the past years. The mentality of the ambassador is the same as it was 40 years ago. The ration of function to cost became unstable due to decreasing functions of the car. In terms of price also the car was costly as company was reservation limited production and failed to grasp new concept of high volume production for low p rice and high profit.From my research of old papers and publications I found one thing in common. well-nigh of the authors consider marketing as an art of selling. However now day marketing is becoming more than an art. It has become a necessity. Without marketing selling the product is impossible. Now days lots of companies are expenditure more and more money on marketing their product. The marketing value of the product is sometimes high than the manufacturing and raw material value.It is strange that Hindustan Motors took the marketing strategy very lightly. According to me the main reason is when they came into existence they didnt have any competitors all they need to do is manufacturing and selling of the car. As I have stated earlier before 80s Indian automobile market was sellers market which means manufacturing companies have the command on the market not the customers. Having customers command on the market is essential otherwise the development stops. The same thing ha ppened, ambassador remains the same car as it was when it was first introduced. Hindustan Motors didnt promote the car because as a single Indian car it was already famous. Distribution was not that much difficult because car owners were few. The price of the ambassador was relatively high because those who needed the car didnt have another option. Also the government rules on importing the components were harsh and company was paying high prices for them. It seems obvious what the company did during those years. But when the scenario changed during 90s the market became open to all the government rules became soft and lots of other car manufacturers jumped into the Indian automobile market. This was the time when the ambassador should have changed its strategies. However they didnt make considerable changes on the other side new companies like Maruti Suzuki got the tinder of an Indian customer and introduced cheapest car in the market. Due to this drastic change once giant Hindust an Motors has become a company in loss with one of its most successful car an ambassador in decline.FANTASTIC FOURThe four Ps of marketing which should be studied and understood in a proper way to attain success. During the project I came to know that balancing these four is not an easy task as it seems. Any cannot pick the product randomly, it cannot sell it in the price it wants, it cannot distribute the product whenever and wherever it decides and it has to promote its products such a way that customer attracts to buy it.I have considered all four Ps including my understanding about them,ProductPricingPlacingPromotionProduct An initial P for any company to think about. It seems strange to consider which product to be made for marketing. As per my preceding understanding marketing comes into picture after selection of product. This was true in old times. But now a days company should be keen towards the product it is going to manufacture. The market condition , market surveys fut ure of the product, availability of the raw materials, environment effect of the raw materials are some of the important factors to be considered before the start of manufacturing the product. I think right product at right time removes half(a) of the troubles for marketing. Take an example of ambassador it arrives in the market when there were no competitors. As a result it dominated the market for decades. Due to proper timing and place Hindustan motors saved their expenses for promotion. They didnt promote it ever i.e. since my childhood I have never seen an advertisement of ambassador or huge posters promoting the car. Ambassador got promoted by its customers which is nonesuch for any product. Sometimes good product becomes a loss for the company when it launched at improper timing. There are so many examples of fantabulous movies which didnt succeed on the box office due to inauspicious conditions.Pricing Pricing of the product is non variable factor for the company. The co mpany decides the price of any product after considering other Ps. The expenses during the product stage i.e. manufacturing and raw material expenses. Expenses due to distribution and promotion also considered. The company adds its expected profit as well. Pricing is the most deciding factor because as I think many manufactures are not aware of the ideal price and the customers always think that they have paid more. This dissatisfaction leads to decreasing sales and loss of the company. I think that before pricing the product the company should make a proper survey and it should make the customers fully aware of what they are buying and how much they will get after paying the price. I have seen three kinds of customers,Those who care about price onlyThose who care about quality onlyThose who care about balancing the price and qualityThese customers are generally from three different classes, those who are looking for price are generally relatively poor, those who are looking for qu ality are rich and those who select the product after looking at price and quality are middle class people.Depending upon the nature of the product the company can make changes in its product. In case of ambassador the companys initial target was rich people because the middle class of India was not in a condition to buy a car. The company provides good quality with comparatively higher(prenominal) cost but it got the customers from India who was looking for the quality. When the era changed and middle class customers increased who now were in a condition to afford a car changed the situation of the market completely. Failing to see this upcoming Hindustan motors dribble behind the Maruti Suzuki because of higher price.Placing Placing according to me is a strong decider for the products success. A product should be distributed such that it gets perfect conditions for it. Ideal customers, ideal geography can be considered as conditions which the company should be looking for. I thin k that company should be clear and perfect about the product distribution. It involves lot of investment to carry the product from the manufacturing plant to the market. It is economically critical to change the place by distributing the product from one place to another. Thats why I think that for placing also the company needs proper survey in read to distribute the product at right place on right time.Promotion Advertisement is becoming utmost necessity for selling of the product. Modern market is complex with so many products and companies. It is required therefore for any company to promote the product in a way that customers know about the features of the product. Promotion should be maximum and precise, or I can say it should be concentrated heavily on its target. The company should be aware of the targeted customers and market and should therefore emphasize heavily on them. If it is improper than company will be investing heavily in useless activities. Without promoting or improper promoting the product leads to heavy losses as can be seen in case of ambassador. When it was launched it didnt have any need of being promoted. As a first Indian automobile it was already famous so the company didnt have any need to promote it and company did the same as well. But when as I have discussed later the market changed there was immediate need of promoting to show the new customers what the car is and why it was so successful. The company failed to do so and product sell decreased.CONCLUSIONAfter making a project report on the declining ambassador car I can say that with changing time the company should focus on the ongoing conditions as well as it should be prepared of future. Same strategy wont work for all time in all kind of situations. Customers, environment and competitors change accordingly and company should be looking for continuous improvement rather than remain satisfied from the present. Ambassador is an excellent example of how once market leader ca n go into loss due to improper marketing strategy by the company.

Fantasy Movie Visual Effects Film Studies Essay

h all tolducination Movie visual Effects Film Studies EssayFilm, the in the buff form of stratumtelling, is whiz of the most frolic sources in our daily life. It would be very(prenominal) hard to get a movie ticket at the weekends unless you got a reservation. Most of you flip preferences to nearly genre, which keeps you turned on. ideate is sensation of the most fascinating genres, not only in study still in all the forms of art. It helps us to escape from the reality, from all our mark and tensions, for few hours. Most of the fantasise pullulates are adapted from literature. Many would apply waiting for your favored deception new(a)s movie release as I am waiting for the red-hot Harry Potter need. You got numerous expectations for a hold, might be wanted a great effect or waiting for your favorite part of the theme. If your expectations are not fulfilled by the lead makers you would probably disappointed.Film industry is an exceedingly competitive field with newfound technologies, creative ideas, and many to a greater extent things. With the increasing number of new movies, charter makers are trying very hard to assume the audience finished new stories, opthalmics, and technologies. Two centuries ago, the noted short picture show, The Arrival of a Train do the audience to scream and ran divulge of the theater. The train was that overmuch believable for those people, who were unfamiliar with makes. But gradually people started to examine film very observantly. Film makers did invariablyything they buttocks do to make the film much more believable and try to give a new experience to the audience. It is very hard to trick them now, very hard to get their applause. As giant fishes always catch the attraction, some big pictures came and well received by the audience. They are not become triumph just because of its budget, definitely It would have all the right elements to be a film. In this 21st century, CGI and ocular set up become one of the key elements in films. Film makers are using these effects to impress the audience even the story doesnt demands it. Many films succeed while others become a big optical effects mess.Statement of the problemHow much the reverie film influence the development of ocular effectsPurposeSignifi shagce of the studyResearch questions1 what is the influence of fancy genre in film industry?2 what is the significance of illusion movies?3 what is the role of trance films in the development of optic effects?CHAPTER 2 BackgroundFantasyFantasy can be defined as the unlimited imagination or the liberation of mind from the reality. There is no limit, we can go anywhere, do anything, parley to animals, and if you want to fly a four headed dragon to the moon you can simply do that. any single person in this humans would have been in a legerdemain world at least once in their life time, through with(p) their dreams or unbounded thoughts. Many wouldnt have recogni zed this as magic. Among those, some passionate and creative minds travelled practically of distance and found new antic stories. Those stories have reached in the real world, preserved for the generations through orally, and later inspired many to write fantasy literature.FantasyFantasy filmsFantasy films have been started since the birth of the medium itself. Watching these kind of movies in the silvern screen must be a visual feast for the spectators. It would be a real altercate to make these kinds of films at the beginning stage of the film itself because of the visuals which these stories demands. It stands beyond reality so the film makers had to give away some innovative cinematic techniques to frame the hyper realism on the silver screen. Most of the earlyish films were quiet shots that filmed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques. They would have utilize only the ability of the camera to capture image rather than thinking about new cine matic techniques. But before the 20th century few filmmakers have found new enter techniques to bring about some excess effects which give inspiration to others for the invention of many innovative extra effects techniques in the following categorys. With a result of that many fantasy films had born in the close era of film. The arrival of earphone and chroma in film made an innovative change in the fantasy film genre, which helped the directors to take the viewers more deep inside the fantasy, through emotions and colorful visuals.Fantasy film genreSub genreSword and sorcerymusical fantasylight fantasydark fantasyHistory of fantasy filmFantasy film, consists of the elements of magic, supernatural events, fantasy creatures, fantasy world, tabby tales and sorcery, have events which are unlikely to occur in real life. This film genre is considered to be diverse from science fiction film and horror film, although the genres do overlap. The limitations of the fantasy film genr e are not well defined.Early periodIn 1896, Georges Melies, a French film director, considered as the father of special effects, filmed the first fantasy film The Bewitched Inn. This film is about a man who goes through some serial of dreadful experiences from an inn. The film runs dickens minutes, might be the longest running film of that time. Melies use the special effects technique called stop trick, which he accidentally discovered while film street traffic in Paris. Besides stop trick, they in any case used some invisible wires to shove along up the characters hat and clothes towards the wall. In 1898 Melies order another fantasy film named The Astronomers dream (La Lune un mtre). This film is about the terrific things happening in an astronomers dream. It runs triple minutes, lengthier than the previous one. They designed the set very well and it gives more strength to the three minutes narration. In terms of special effects this film mainly reliant on the stop trick but we can see the use of mechanically skillful prop for the moon and a very short stop motion animation on the screen. His experiments were the stepping-s olfactory modalitys to nevertheless advances in special effects.Again in the year of 1903 and 1904, Melies came up with two more great fantasy movies The Infernal Boiling Pot (Le Chaudron Infernal) and The Impossible Voyage (Voyage travers limpossible). In the film The Infernal Boiling Pot, Melies has shown two green goblins doing some incantation on a burning cauldron which have three girls in it. The film runs 2 minutes and they had hand colored each frame of the film to get a colored film. It helped to create more sinister atmosphere and to increase the impact on the audience. The impossible expedition is considered as one of the greatest film of Melies and the important fantasy film of the silent film era. It is an variation of Jules Vernes playVoyage travers lHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage__tr avers_limpossibleaction=editredlink=1HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage__travers_limpossibleaction=editredlink=1impossible. The films running time is about 20 minutes, approximately five times longer than other films of that time. Most films preliminary to this one, mainly consist of one or two shots and they were short in running time, had not developed in a direct to tell a complex story. The impossible voyage tells the story of, passengers boarding a train which takes them on an adventure to the sun and even under the ocean. This film had used the advantages of editing and we can see a dissolve effect between the scenes. Through these type lengthier films with great narration, gradually film turn out to be a medium of storytelling.After the great fantasy films from the special effects wizard Georges Melies, lots of movies had born in this genre. By the year of 1910 movies were gradually growing into full length movies, an average of 80 minutes of running time, along with the special and visual effects technologies, which encouraged the film makers to produce more complex fantasy films than the previously done projects. It also helped to expand the potential of the genre by sinewy narration and provided the fantasy ambiance to the audience.In 1903, Alice in Wonderland, an edition film based on the Lewis Carrolls fantasy novel Alices Adventures in Wonderland, came out. The film was directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow and it is impressive for its use of special effects, including Alices wither at the entrance Doors and stuck inside of White Rabbits home with her full height. Some of the films special effects were achieved through jump cut and trick photography. The film showed only a few portion of the novel, because many scenes were technical foully impossible to shoot at that time. However, the film would have been impressed the audience because it was the first time they had seen a visual representation of their favorite no vel. Later in 1910 the film had been recreated by theEdison Manufacturing Companyand directed byEdwin S. Porter in the original name of the book. In this 10 minutes film, Edwin s Porter couldnt involve all the Carrolls memorable characters from the novel. Again in 1915, W.W. Young an American film director made the three adaptation of this film with fifty minutes of running time. This version goes much deeper in to the Carrolls novel than prior films, even fifty minutes is not much enough to narrate Carrolls fantasy story.In the year of 1910, the most influenced fairy tale of all time, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_BaumFrank Baum, came into silver screen. This is the first adaptation film based on a novel which had been followed by its sequels. The story happens in a fantasy land called the Land of Oz and Dorothy and her friends are the characters in the story. There is no reliable proof about who directed this thirteen minutes fil m but many criticizers considered that Otis Turner might have done it. In the same year three more films in this series came out which are Dorothy and the scarer in Oz,The Land of Oz, andJohn Dough and the Cherub, and all are considered to belost films. In 1914, three more films came out in this title, all directed by J. Farrell MacDonald and produced under The Oz Film Manufacturing Company. They are The odds and ends Girl of Oz,the Magic Cloak of Oz, andHis Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, with an average running time of 60 minutes. Later in 1925, another Oz movie was released by the name Wizard of Oz, directed byLarry Semon. This film changed radically from the novel, introducing new characters and exploits. Along with a completely different plot, the film is all set in a world that is only barely recognizable as theLand of Ozfrom the books. only these Oz films had failed to make any impacts on the audience. Creating a fantasy world is a very difficult thing, if we couldnt make th e audience to believe in the story, it all would reflection completely ridicules. Many film makers had failed to achieve this magic, thus make the genre to wait so long to get its triumph in motion picture.Other superb fantasy films in the early period wereRaoul WalshThe Thief of BagdadandFritz LangsDie Nibelungen both released in the year 1924.The Sound eraTechnicolor and sound would be another great achievement in film history. Sound effects could make timidity and anticipation in fantasy films or even play with viewers emotion in happy fantasies. Technicolor gave filmmakers the capability to create stunning special effects that impressed the viewers. The most famous film which made use of the magic of color and sound was the 1939 musical fantasy film The Wizard of Ozdirected generally byVictor Fleming. A sudden change from black and white to color gave more fantastic effects to the fantasy world and it allowed the filmmakers to deliver the full beauty of the visuals. The Land of Oz was very spectacular, complete with fly witches, wizards, talking trees and animals and many other fantasy elements. We could find many changes in the plot though the film was far more faithful to Baums original book than the earlier film versions. The Wizard of Ozhas considered as one of the best loved fantasy film of all time because of its stunning visuals and strong narration, and it became a on-key classic. This 103 minutes film was produced byMGM and the budget was three million dollars, most expensive production up to that time. The film earned six million from the box office and thirteen million from television convey rights. That would have inspired many filmmakers to produce fantasy films.1power of narration taking the viewers along with the story.. get ahead them to feel the emotions of the charactersGive the feel believable of hyperrealism Disney also effectively used a combination of color and sound in many of its fantasy films, both live action and animated. T he makers ofThe Wizard of Ozmight have been influenced by the success ofWalt DisneyHYPERLINK http//oz.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_PicturesHYPERLINK http//oz.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_PicturessSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs,released in the year 1937, which proved that a fantasy film could attract an enthusiastic adult audience too, a trick that earlier Oz films had failed to achieve.Fantasy movies and the film industryAs a cinematic genre, fantasy has traditionally not been regarded as highly as the related genre of science fiction film. Undoubtedly, the fact that until recently fantasy films a lot suffered from the Sword and Sandal afflictions of subordinate production values, over-the-top acting and decidedly poor special effects was a significant promoter in fantasy films low regard. Even 1981sRaiders of the Lost Ark, which did much to improve the genres reputation in domain as well critical circles, was still derided in some quarters because of its comic book-like action seq uences and vernacular in cheek comedy.Since the late 1990s, however, the genre has gained new respectability, driven principally by the successful adaptations of J.R.R. TolkiensThe superior of the Ringsand J.K. RowlingsHarry Potterseries. JacksonsThe sea captain of the Ringstrilogy is notable due to its ambitious scope, serious tone and thematic complexity. These pictures achieved phenomenal commercial and critical success, and thethird installmentof the trilogy became the first fantasy film ever to win theAcademy Award for scoop Picture. The Harry Potter series has been a tremendous fiscal success, has achieved critical acclaim, and boasts an enormous and loyal fan base. Following the success of these ventures, Hollywood studios have green lighten additional big-budget productions in the genre. These have included adaptations of the first and second books inC. S. LewisThe Chronicles of Narniaseries and the teen novelEragon, as well as adaptations ofSusan CoopersThe Dark Is Ris HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Is_Rising_(film)ing,Cornelia FunkesInkheart,Phillip PullmansThe Golden Compass, andHolly BlacksThe Spiderwick Chronicles. Fantasy movies in recent years, such as theLord of the Ringsfilms, 2005sNarniaadaptation, and the first second and fourthHarry Potteradaptations have most often been released in November and December. This is in contrast to science fiction films, which are often released during the northern hemisphere pass (June August). All 3 installments of thePirates of the Caribbeanfantasy films, however, were released in July 2003, July 2006 and May 2007 respectively, and the latest releases in theHarry Potterseries were released in July, 2007 and July 2009. The huge commercial success of these pictures may indicate a change in Hollywoods undertake to big-budget fantasy film releases.AdaptationThemes, imagery, and visual elementsDetailed study of developments in visual effects gaucherie study 1The lord of the rings trilogyMy same philosophy applied to digital effects as to the overall design. I wanted the monsters to feel real right down to the dirt under the fingernails of a Cave Troll or the bloodshot, bulging eyes of Gollum. Peter JacksonThe lord of the rings film trilogy, directed by Peter Jackson is an epic saga of J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings books, become a milepost in the history of motion picture. The trilogies, The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers, andThe Lord of the Rings The Return of the King, all released in the year of 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively. It was a revolutionary movement in the visual effects film making. Both the book and film had given a new birth to the fantasy literature and film genre. The trilogy achieved commercial, critical and phenomenal triumph. Each film of the trilogy had nominated for the Academy Award for Best picture in the three consecutive years and finally the third chapter, The Return of the King won the best picture award, and becomes the first fantasy film ever to achieve this honor. It won a core of eleven Academy Awards including for the ground breaking visual effects, ties up with the classics Benhur and Titanic. Peter Jackson and crew created an correct digital world to give life to the Tolkiens middle earth.This film is the best example of high fantasy. The story happened in the Middle earth, the three films follow the quest of Frodo Baggins and the fellowship to destroy the One Ring to conquer the Dark Lord Sauron. In the final battle at Gondor, Ring has been destroyed and Sauron and his powers are vanquished. The story is rich with many fantasy elements such as, wizards, dragons, creatures, beasts, giant talking trees and many more .The success of the film showed the scope of fantasy films and encouraged many production companies to green light new fantasy lie projects. Thus the first decade of the twenty first century got more than fifty fantasy films on the silve r screen. All major behind the scenes works had done by the New Zealand based visual effects company WETA Digital. They would have assembled potential people from all fields of animation and visual effects to dedicate years of their lives to create stunning effects that fulfill this high fantasy, middle earth epic story. All three films got more three thousand effects shots.WETA Digital had used many visual effects technologies to create the effects and creatures. They have invented new technologies and changed some existing technologies to overcome the challenges in creating some scenes. One of the most exciting creatures inthe film is Gollum, who was born like a hobbit named Smagol, but transformed into something far more frightening as a result of his encounter with the ring. For creating Gollum, they have used very advance motion capturing. Gollum would be the most civilise digital character seen at that time.Visual effects technologiesThe lord of the rings trilogy had used man y ground breaking visual effects to create the fantasy. WETA Digital is the major effects studio behind the films, but some shorts are also given to the studio Digital Domain. WETA had used many technologies to achieve the effects. Here we are going to play through those technologies.MassiveCreating the war scenes are one o the most challenges faced by the filmmakers. All films in the trio had more than one war sequence in which thousands of soldiers are fighting. Creating this kind of upsurge crowd is a big problem that had not been solved in film making. A look for to develop a new technology to overcome this problem had conducted in WETA Digital by the technical director of the film Stephen Regelous. It resulted in the creation of new software called MASSIVE (Multiple Agent Simulation dust in Virtual Environment). It can easily generate thousands or millions of agents that all act as individuals and can respond individually to its surroundings. These reactions affect the agen ts behavior, changing how they act and controlling motion captured animations to create a existent looking characters. The software used fuzzy logic to achieve this kind of properties. This technology helped WETA to create the epic war sequences. This technology is a great contribution to the visual effects industry and later it used in many films.Subsurface scatteringCreating the creature Gollum was another big challenge for the director. This character contend a main role in the films. Gollum was brought into life by the combine efforts of computer animation and sophisticated motion capture technology utilizing fluid dynamics. They studied many kinds of anatomy to create realistic pin movement based on actual organic muscle and bone. For getting more realistic look they have applied sub surface scattering shader for the first time.WETA developed vast amounts of code to create Gollum, notes Peter Jackson. They developed new modeling codes, new skin codes, new muscle codes. He is astonishingly life-like and we were able to give him a range of expressions from the evil of Gollum to the sympathy of Smagol. Peter Jackson

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOL

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOLTremendous research efforts ar ongoing in orderliness to implement and add pull ahead executealities to computing compounds in CMOS chips. Thus, a scrap is imposed to compete the existing devices in terms of comprise and exploit. In this project, I propose a novel and dispirited approach approach for nanocrystalline Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) based shop chooser switch utilise in BEOL. During this thesis, the likelyity of this technology in terms of performance and production be will be established.Targeted technological applications Memory selector electronic junction transistorOne of our research group activities in 3IT consists on the development and integ dimensionn of RRAM with a Complementary Resistive Switch (CRS) planar con public figureuration in the BEOL of CMOS circuit. My research activity will focuses on entrepot selector assemblage needed to carry start the read operation as subsequent an d complementary function. Several technological approaches sustain been proposed to fulfill this function with opposite physical concepts, such as diodes, volatile switches, nonlinear devices and transistors. (cf. figure I.1). Owing to the planar configurtion and the nanodamascence fabrication approach of RRAM, our transistor device (ncSiFET) will benefit from the work on compatibility, so that it placenister be implemented in 3D BEOL integration and connected in serial to minimize parasitic wetting pass on-day(prenominal) from unselected cells during a read operation,to admit sufficient on- f pitiable for the switching of the selected cell and to prevent frequent hurly burly operation and readout errors. The selector and the shop element should be matched in term of scalability to enable restrain leakage current from the unselected computer memory elements along read and write operations.The requirements for a RRAM selector present several challenges for appropriate i ntegration in a low-cost CMOS-compatible stackable cognitive operation. A low processing temperature under(a) 400 C must be priseed to enable the compatibility with 3-D integration in BEOL. The carrying out of selector devices requiring additional process ill-uses is accompanied with macroscopical device atomic number 18a and power dissipation. Moreover, the selector devices tail end subject a decrease in the current and a slower read operation. A compatibility in terms of in terms of operation polarity (unipolar/bipolar) and switching speed between memory elements and selector devices must be established 2. Others aspects concerning the reliability such as cycling endurance and discrepancy should be taken in consideration.Required electrical performancesA candid selector needs to fit multiple requirements which atomic number 18 essentially derived from circuit performance aspect. The previously achieved on/off ratio =104 with our (ncSiFET) 3 can be an asset for memor y selector applications since it is on a par with many atomic number 14 transistor based selectors 4. This ratio should be improved up to 106, to and enable the operation of large arrays in the architecture. Moreover, a 2.5 A/m value as on-current in our device 3, which can be further sharpend, fits well with the range of requirement to sufficiently control the memory operation without speed restriction 5. season threshold voltage needs to be minimized to enable the reduction of the operation leakage. These properties makes the transistor an potent selector as isolation switch and current limiter. A selector should be able to provide enough causal agency current as needed for chastise and RESET operations of the resistive memory cell. Interestingly, a threshold switching selector device has proved to be efficient for solving the leakage current problem with a low off current Taking all these considerations in account, unitary can say that (ncSiFET) device owns promising chara cteristics and relevant potential to be integrated in BEOL for RRAM memory selection applications. In table I.1, we present further characteristics in as speed, temperature and electrical performances that should be overly taken in account during the development of our device.Comparison with technological competitorSilicon transistor based selector The main advantages for this kind of transistors that enable self-compliance are their gritty-pitched ON/OFF ratio with large drive current, appropriate threshold voltage and low power consumption. However, transistor-based selectors present drawbacks in terms of large dimensions and manifold process fabrication 4. Poly-Si secular has been replaced by in broad(prenominal) spirits quality epitaxial PN portions on crystalline Si, in order to achieve high Ion/Ioff ratio up to 108 and large on current over 10MA/cm2 beneficial for SET/ RESET operation and rectifiying ability 7, but, these unipolar configurations are not compatible wit h bipolar switching path resistive memories. The NPN building has been proposed to overcome the polarity issue with I on /I off ratio of more or little 4700 8. However, the main limit for these technologies is their high process temperature, thus, unsuitable for sub-400 -C BEOL integration. Metal-oxide schottky diodes Different compositions of rise and oxides, such as Pt/HfO 2 /ZrO 2 /TiN or Ni/TiO 2 /Ni have been proposed 6. The conduction apparatus assumed to be based on Schottky emission at the mateal/oxide interfaces 8. It was demonstrate that (MIM) incorporating disregard oxide exact can provide non-linear I-V curve. These configurations are compatible with bipolar switching and suitable with 3D-stackable BEOL integration. However, only low drive current density of about 1MA/cm2 is knock overed. Nonlinear devices Considering the requirement to achieve both high current at high voltage as well as very small current comparable to low voltages, nonlinear devices have been proposed.For all the varieties of this category presented in fig.1, the complexity of fabrication process and the material selection remain difficult challenges for large area production and integration 4. Thin read transistor (TFT) As an example, RRAM (Ti/Oxide stack/Pt) connected with thin film transistor (transparent uncrystallized oxide semiconductor (TAOS)) architecture demonstrated good results as current limiter with a storage capability controlled by the amplitude of the TFT furnish voltage 2. The TFT as a technology benefit from the reduced temperature, relatively simple and low cost fabrication process. However, carriers mobility in the enchant is the main issue that cause significant impact on the electrical properties of the resulting device. The transistor performances are severely extend toed by high defects density and carrier trap sites which powerfully depend on the crystallinity, the quality of silicon thin film (a-Si, Poly-S or nc-Si). This is a common subtle to our ncSi demarcation. (ncSiFET) Our proposed transistor technology is based on nanodamascene approach, with a nanocrystalline silicon island as a channel spaced from metal S/D by a thin tunnel oxide. A proof of feasibility with promising electrical performance is already demonstrated 3. The overall process will be performed at low temperature (The aim of this project is to perform a cost-effective selector device compatible with our resources at 3IT. In this framework, strain effects are quite of import for electronic transport in the channel, in other word, switch frequency and the reliability over time. Thus, this important aspect should be taken in account in order to establish the transistor characteristics and to fulfill the requirement for the realization and the application as a memory selector device. One of our project targets is to establish a strain method compatible with high-k/metal top accession configuration. Strained channel should be carefully design ed through process conditions and device geometry.Channel equilibrium strain effects Residual strain could be either mechanized/intrinsic during the film growth and upon technological process or thermal out-of-pocket the differences in expansion coefficient between materials or the auto-heating during the device operation. a) On transport properties in conductor channel For crystalline silicon channel, the strain in the channel of nanotransistor leads to the stretching of atoms bonding in silicon grade. The displacement of silicon atoms can reduces the impact of atomic forces that interfere with the electrons movement and weaken scattering phenomena allowing lower resistance and remediate mobility (cf. fig II.1). Charge carriers can move faster in the strained channel resulting in give conductivity and low power consumption. In fact, stress induces a change and degeneracy in the energy rafts take aim of the silicon atoms, ca utilise an anisotropy in effective draw of elect rons. Then, light mass and minimal scattering are the main factors for remedy mobility (= e/m*) 1. Due to this anisotropy, the effect of strain depends on its direction with respect to the source-drain current path 2. On the other hand, the deposition process of nSi-thin film leads to residual strain in the layer ( malleable or compressive). For example, it was describe that the conductance of the amorphous material a-Si H channel in TFT transistor maturations with tensile stress while it decrease with compressive wizard 3.In our nc-SiFET device, channel consists on isolated nc-Si 50nm-length and less than 20nm-thick island deposited and patterned using a combination of e-beam lithography and ICP-etching process. This channel embedded in nanopattern undergo a thermal annealing and Ti metal deposition before (CMP) polishing process leading to confined island from both side of the metal nanowires. Dielectric admittance layers (Si 3 N 4 ) or high-k insulator (HfO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) ca n be incorporated on the top of the structure in our process followed by gate deposition. In our project, metals materials can be deposited using evaporation or sputtering techniques, whereas, insulator layers can be fabricated by PECVD, LPCVD, sputtering or ALD. It is worthy to note that the induced residual strain of each region strongly depend on the choice of the deposition technique, process parameters, layer thickness as well as thermal post treatment. All these process specifications strongly affect the transport properties of the channel. Hence, a careful analysis of the channel mobility based on Hall effect measurements as a function of different process specification should be addressed (figure II.2). A design of experiments would be performed jointly with the process fabrication.In this framework, several local strain techniques have been employed that can resemble our project. It was reported that shallow trench isolation technique -or box isolation technique- consistin g on a sequence of trenches patterning to be filled by a deposited materials and removal of excess places using CMP, creates isolation and can do compressive stress on the channel 5. Also, SiN capping layers on top of the gate with intrinsic stress can induce strain into MOS channels and enlarge the distance between atoms underneath the gate which enhance the electron mobility 6. Based on these reported results, we can assume that our sequence of fabrication processes can induce further stress on the nanocrystallline silicon island channel. In order to precisely identify the effects of strain on our (ncSiFET) channel transport, we should take in account the contribution of all the steps that can take part of the channel residual strain in our process i.e nanoscale island embedded in the trench, thermal annealing, chemical windup(prenominal) polishing and the effect of capping layer stack.On conduction mechanism between the electrical contacts and active regionThe strain in the ac tive layer of the channel can induce variations in terms of bunch gap, electrons effective mass, affinity and the density of states. It is proved that strain can cause a local band gap shrinking and a change in bands form along the channel 7. Based on Kane model for band to band tunneling, the current is a function of band gap and effective mass change 8. Hence, we can assume that the induced strain in our island channel can promote the conduction mechanism by direct tunneling through the potential barrier lowering. For our structure, inducing strain in (ncSi) channel can alter the potential barrier, state density and charge population between the thin tunnel oxide / ncSi interface as well as the gate dielectric/ncSi interface in our (ncSiFET) device. The reduction of a-Si island underground can enhance the contact resistance between the island and Ti source and drain terminals.I.2 Deposition methods relation In our case, the channel is a nanodimensional island deposited in a tr ench. For such nano-topography, uniform thickness on non-planar surfaces with step conformal coverage, space filling and damage-free process are required. In general, the evolution of stresses in thin films is a ever-changing competition between tensile and compression effects during deposition. The strain in the film depends on different criteria such as grains coat, micovoids, disorder. species mobility and deposition rate. Stress varies significantly with process conditions. At 3IT, several deposition techniques are available either chemical of physical based processes. We discuss the implications of each techniques on the nanodimensional (nc-Si) island strain as well as distribution and filling aspect.LPCVD based on heat activation at high temperature (500 C). Low gas pressure reduce gas-phase reaction which lead to low deposition rate and cause particle clusters. LPCVD Si thin film are isotropic and compact, but with brusk step coverage 9. Such high temperature and low depo sition rate lead to the relaxation of the ordered film and thus, the obliteration of strain effect. Thermal or e-beam evaporation requires heating or electron bombardement of source material to pip evaporation and transform into the gaseous phase (low energy atoms 0.1 eV) and then condensed and adsorbed on the substrate surface. The deposited film is characterised by poor uniformity and density with stoichiometrical problem due to the diffference in vapor pressure 9. This process is better dedicated to thin film rather thick one, and chracterised by small strain effect at the initial stage of the growth 10.Sputtering employs the bombardment of a solid target by indefatigable particles gas ions (1 10 eV). Despite the good uniformity and stochiometry, this process gives rise to dense film with poor directionality 9. In sputtered films, the ion bombardment of the surface at the initial stage of the film growth may lead to high strain aspect consisting on quite large compressive s tresses where a tendency of film edges expansion is contracted back by the substrate 11.PECVD species decomposition can be carried out at lower temperatures (around 300 C) with high deposition rates and energetic species with high sticking coefficient. This process provides good film quality with conformal aspect and good step coverage 9. The resulting film at such low temperature and high deposition rate is prevented from relaxation and remains in strain, unlike high temperature process. Moreover, similar to sputtering technique ion bombardement may lead to further strain. The lack of surface diffusion may induce a high voids concentration which induce further strain in the film 10. The interaction of atoms in the channel amorphous silicon film creates tensile strain, whereas the insertion of atoms causes compressive stresses 12. Taking all the mentionned specifications, we may confirm the potential of PECVD technique to fabricate for nanodimensional ncSi channel island in nanotre nch with relateing strain characteristics.In order to fulfill the cost and performance requirements of (ncSiFET) transistor for memory selector application (vs state of the art), process development and device profit are demanded. In this project, we pay special attention to physical dimensions and materials properties that determine the characteristics of our devices.Improvements of (ncSiFET) transistorCes reponses sont a relier avec l optiisation deja evoque a la question2Before citing the general strategy for device improvements, we present in figure III.1 the proposed structure accompagned with an overview about the electrical characteristics of (ncSiFET) transistor.*Channel enlarge the grains size (80nm), minimize defects density inside the grain = optimization of a-Si deposition + RTA annealing + post-deposition H 2 plasma /Ge incorporation-form narrow channel of about 100 nm in the range grain size, making sure to avoid the effects of the bypass channels = EBL patterning of 100nm-box size*Tunnel oxide longer exposure duration up to 2 h to ambient air + annealing = more compact film with less defects and better stoichiometry*Gate dielectric -minimize EOT and increase of Cox = implementation of high-K(20) ALD HfO 2-reduce defects at high-K ox/ncSi formation for plasma induced layer rather of native SiO x = N 2 pretreatment before ALD + anneal for adhesion and interface species desorption*Top gate -minimize source/ top Al gate Loverlap =EBL3 design +alignment*Metal S/D less tunnel oxide consumption due to metal contact= replacing Ti with TiN S/D sputtering + annealing for better contact resistance and ohmic contact* Minimize parasitic capabilitys (Cgs, Cgd, Cp) (MIM) to enhance switching frequency (f c )Semi-quantitative aspects*Ion (better channel mobility, less Dit , optimized strain, lower barrier/contact resistance, better tunnel)Based on coulomb diamond measurements and comsol simulation, replacing the lateral/back gates previously pick out wi th 86nm SiO 2 as gate dielectric by a top gate with thinner gate dielectric 62.*Ioff We need to maintain I off range or slightly improve it with minimizing Ntrap or adopt slightly longer channel (100nm)*S.S (Small EOT5nm , higher Cox , reduced gate overlap , better interfaces) An increase of gate stack capacitance Cg allows better gate modulation at low Vgs, high carriers density in the channel, leading to high performance and low power consumption. The gate dielectric capacitance is described as follow whereas the equivalent oxide thickness for high-K dielectric is expressed as. As an estimation an twist for subthreshold swing parameter is given asReplacing the 86nm SiO 2 (K=3.9) by a 20nm HfO 2 (K20) as gate dielectric, leads to a EOT=4.87 and an increase of C ox by a factor (x18). Thus, S.S can reach 250mV/dec.Comparaison a-Si PECVD vs. a-Si LPCVD At 3IT, chemical deposition techniques, mainly LPCVD and PECVD are employed for silicon thin layer growth. It is important for our pr oject to distinguish the relevant film properties, as well as, the implication on device performance for each technique.Electrical Properties In general, amorphous silicon thin films deposited by PECVD at low temperature (200-300C) are disordered with a defect density in the range of 1018 cm-3 and hopping based conduction mechanism. The resulting film are usually under stress due to high deposition rate and ion bombardment. Whereas, LPCVD films deposited at relatively high temperature (600C) are more ordered with a lower defect density of about 1015 cm-3 and activation conduction mechanism 4. Due to high temperature and low deposition rate a relaxation occurs in the film leading to low strain effect. Low field mobility of about 0.1-1cm2 V-1 S-1 in such amorphous material is mainly attributed to punctual defects such dangling bonds and dislocations. Different other allotropic varieties are of interest for our channel mainly polycrystalline and nanocrystalline silicon can be obtained depending on process parameters. On one hand, poly-Si consists on a network of crystalline grains randomly oriented and separated by grains boundaries which are regions with high defects and dangling bonds concentrations. On the other hand, nc-Si film are formed by crystalline grains of nanoscale size ( 50 nm-diameter) incorporated in an amorphous matrix with a grain crystalline fraction of up to 60% 5. These changes in crystalline phase and microstructure imply a significant enhancement in field mobility from 50 up to 300cm2 variation of film microstructure along depth can be manifested, where the interface (nucleation phase) is formed a dominant amorphous phase or very small grains, but, as the growth evolves and the film becomes thicker, the size of the grains increases 6. This difference in structure between the interface and the bulk of the film may have implications on electrical conduction, since carriers moving through amorphous phases, result in low mobility, whereas, the t ransport through the large grain give rise to high mobility (figure III.1) For our ncSi channel thin film(Impact on device performances In similar case to our ncSi channel, it was demonstrated, that the main origins of mobility degradation in poly-Si channel are Coulomb scattering due to defects inside the grain (D it ) -point defects or dislocations- or defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap), as well as the surface roughness at the ncSi / gate oxide interface (Nit). On the one hand, defects inside the grains as the dominant control factor on electrons mobility control the on-current (Ion) value. On the other hand, defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap) generate a Trap-Assisted Tunneling (TAT) mechanism in the (ncSi) channel, which degrades the off-current (Ioff) and the value of (S.S). Moreover, the traps at the interface (Nit) reduce the control of the grid which strongly affects (S.S) and (Ion) 7.

Agri-Tourism Operations Management

Agri-tourism Operations ManagementIntroductionAgri-tourism is aimment in popularity, and is sought by many enhanceers as an alternative semen of on- enhance income. It is a popular concept among the European farmers for nearly a nose trampdy Busby Rendle 2000. Defined as a tourist or recreation enterprise on a fully working farm, agri-tourism can include potful of attractions, activities, accommodation, amenities etc. Two primary reasons ar cited for the recent increase in agri-tourism education. The first reason is linked to a finding care amongst tourists for on-farm experiences. The second primary reason for increasing agri-tourism development is the state of earth in modern society. Changes in farming practices make it increasingly unvoiced for farmers to support themselves solely through farming. It is for the latter reasons that berry heap stir was developed as a tourist centre. However, the farm has been unable to get off with its overwhelming popularity, wh ich has created a few complexities in the management of everyday functions. The boilers suit objective of this report is to recommend changes to improve the day-to-day operations of Blackberry knoll Farm.Capacity Cons strandtsJim and Mandy Walker define very specific personal, family and stage business goals for Blackberry Hill Farm. Their goals are tied to a set of determine concerning family, purlieu and familiarity that afford grown through time. Their challenge is to develop a whole farm strategy that, over a pass of five, ten years or more, would live up to their shelters and goals, by taking advantage of their current business strengths and perceived market opportunities. slice on that point are numerous potential advantages for Jim and Mandy in becoming twisty in agri-tourism, the business is not without its potential risks and associated costs. From the case study, some of the often quantify mentioned challenges relate toIncurring unforeseen or prohibitive deve lopmental and merchandising costsPlacing unforeseen and excessive demand on farm and community services and activitiesProviding only seasonal worker employment opportunitiesCreating unforeseen environmental and societal impactsGiven these concerns, it is imperative that Jim and Mandy take a proactive role in planning and managing the development of the farm.Short Term Operations IssuesThe pick-your-own operation initiated at the Blackberry Hill Farm has been a reasonable success earlier due to many operations related reasons. First, Jim and Mandy are relieved of the pith of finding and paying temporary seasonal labour at harvest time. Second, it overcomes the farmers distaste for direct sales and provides them with opportunities to think like customers. However, the popularity of such an operation get out necessitate Jim and Mandy to rethink about plenty of operational issues such as creating adequate parking space, having restrooms and a safe entertainment rural area for ch ildren. Children are best kept away from the picking area as they contribute disproportionately to damaged crops. Attention to these basics allow serve up build repeat sales for the Blackberry Hill Farm. Furthermore, pick-your-own operations are primarily meant to target families who do not have the space to grow their own seasonal vegetables. The mix of vegetables and fruits provide depend on customers tastes, which can be identified by the customers frequent visits to the farm. This also gives ample reaching for the Walkers to kick off home delivery of their favoured hand picked fruit and vegetable for a nominal fee.Medium Term Planning and ControlAnother critical component of operations strategy involves the plan for filling resource gaps. make changes in the existing resource may mean making make better use of under utilized resources. For example, Tractor rides are extremely popular with the visitors, though the overall capacity in comparison with the number of visitors during peak times is extremely low. Since, the Walkers are reluctant to invest in expanding capacity of the tractor rides, it is recommended that they introduce guided and themed walks within the farm during peak times as this exit slightly reduce queuing for the tractor rides. Furthermore, average length of stay in the preserving kitchen should be reduced to off-peak time. To counter this, the Walkers could introduce ill-considered films on the preserving kitchen in a dedicated screening area away from the kitchen. The uni line principle could be employed to the bakery to reduce the bottle necks.Furthermore, the case study illustrates on that point are parking problems during peak periods with complains from the local anaesthetic Police. To counter this, Blackberry Hill Farm should attempt to capitalize on the advantage of creating productive partnerships with local transport services to provide transport facilities to and from the farm to the nearest train and bus station du ring peak periods. This pass on not only advance the visitors to use public transport, but will also ensure that there are reduced parking problems in the farm.Long Term strategic IssuesPorter (1996) argues that strategy is a set of activities in which an administration will excel to create a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. This competitive advantage can be to deliver greater value to customers than competitors or to provide comparable value at lower prices. Nevertheless, organisational strategies have to be continuously monitored to reflect the changes in the business environment and to weave these changes within the organizational competencies. As Porter (1996) rightly concedes, operational effectiveness and organizational strategy are equally essential for greatest performance. A company can outperform the rivals if it can establish a difference that it can preserve and these differences are derived from various activities initiated by the organization i n the process of manufacturing, marketing and selling. Furthermore, operational effectiveness is performing the same activities better than the rivals.The idea of developing a maize maze is a profitable option for long term planning and control and will cooperate the farm with necessary revenue to further consolidate the farms activities. It will also servicing in developing Mandys idea of building up their business through organized instruct visits. To avoid occasional queues and to divert attention from other crowded attractions such as tractor rides and fixed exhibits within the farm, it is recommended that the maze is built a short distance away from the popular attractions such as fixed exhibits, fondle zoo, pick-your-area, bakery, preserving kitchen etc. The maze in itself should keep the customers entertained for about both hours for a fee. Good crowd control, separate restroom facilities, refreshments and farm products to sell, will divert the queues away from crowding. Outdoor activities during summer months will make the customers thirsty. Ready-to-eat pabulum and a selection of beverages that fits the farms theme will form an interesting part of the farms experience. Although, the case study illustrates that the farm has a bakery, caf and a preserving kitchen selling food products, small handcarts selling home-brewed ice-creams, people dressed in traditional farmers clothes selling fruits and sandwiches from farmers baskets, grill etc at vantage points within the farm will spread the visitors evenly, thereby reducing queues.Furthermore, improvements in inventory and storage management will help benefit the farm as a way to mitigate seasonal price and product declines. Since the farm shop at Blackberry Hill Farm is very profitable, investment in low-cost storage systems will help in preserving the produce and prolonging the marketing season. This will also help in retaining more permanent staff, rather than employing seasonal employees.Conclus ionThe development of agri-tourism in the recent years has increasingly created recreational and educational alternatives for citizens to have fun, to improve their quality of life and to satisfy the need of social interactions. In turn, the focus of traditional farm management is on operational effectiveness. modernistic strategies for agri-tourism business management need to be considered to maintain and create undefeated businesses. Understanding visitor needs and offering unique services and products to support those needs are critical to the success of all businesses. In addition, wakeful study of who the visitors are and where they are coming from, as well as existing competitors, are essential.ReferencesBusby, G., Rendle, S. (2000). The Transition from tourism on farms to farm tourism. Tourism Management. 21. 635 642.Porter, M.E (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review. Nov/Dec. 74 (6). pp.61 78.

Witchcraft And Demonology In Europe

enamourcraft And Demonology In atomic number 63The witch-hunts were adept of the well-nigh important events in the history of former(a) modern Europe, taking place from the mid-15th century and ending in the mid-18th century. The resume of witchcraft evolved throughout the period, with the Canon Episcopi c entirelying the belief in witches a heresy, to Pope Innocent VIII issuing a bull in 1484 to denounce the practice of witchcraft as a heresy all in a span of about 500 years. On the root word of witchcraft, it is unavoidable that the issue of gender would be discussed. The central question of this cover up would be how historians account for the persecution of to a greater extent women than men in the witch-hunts in first modern Europe. The report will first outline the emboss of a witch and discuss how this stereotype was promulgated. It will be concerned with devil possible explanations that attempt to account for the persecution of more women than men firstly, how the persecutions may be a endings of a misogynistic and patriarchal tillage, and secondly, how the hunts may be been a result of the privation of tolerance for social deviance of women.The Stereotype Of A WitchA collection of statistics indicate that a majority of accuse witches were women, with most estimates pointing to about 80% of all victims being women (Ross, 1995 334). Levack (1987 142) provides a list of statistics indicating that in most regions in Europe, about three-quarters of the criminate were women, with the figures being 90% in regions in Poland and England. Very evidently, the predominant nonion of a witch is that it is beginning(a) a char muliebrity.In discussing the stereotype of a witch it is difficult non to make reference to the cumulative concept of witchcraft (Levack, 1987 32-51), which points to certain pointors that would befriend in the identification of a witch. These include a witchs association with the Devil, the conformity with the Devil, the S abbath, nightflying and metamorphosis. Reginald Scot in 1584 described witches as women who were comm completely antiquated, lame, blearie-eied, pale, fowle, and full of wrinkles, poore, sullen, and superstitious. This stereotype was promulgated by both genders. Women in early modern Europe were take uped as the weaker gender that was dependant on men in numerous ways, including for livelihood (Larner, 198486). Since the club was heavily patriarchal, women who did not satisfactory in to the draw of a ruler woman threatened the desire of fe phallics behaving in a contingent manner. These women were nonconformists, and in that respectfore put the livelihoods of other women at risk. Hence, they were ostracised by normal women. In behaving in a manner that was different, these women also threatened priapic domination and therefore had to be condemned by men. Both genders fed the idea that a woman who looked and behaved in a certain manner was a witch, hence allowing the ste reotype to persist and spread.In addition, the stereotype of a domestic witch could have been said to be rein squeeze by a vicious cycle. This is evident in some cases, such as in that of Anna Schwayhofer, who confessed to stealing the Consecrated Host entirely still bothered to chimneysweeper up the crumbs after she had done so (Barry, Hester and Roberts, 1996 230). The association of witches and broomsticks or distaffs used for spinning also fed the stereotype. Women were mostly restricted to the confines of their dole out spaces, and those practicing poisonous magic would most likely be found in those spaces (Blcourt, 2000 303). Hence, it was not surprising that witchcraft was associated with the women and their domestic activities. sexed witchcraft And MisogynyThe elite group perception of women pointed to how they tended to be intellectually weaker than men, but have more unsatisfiable sexual appetites and a higher tendency to pursue the occult, a view propounded by sixt eenth century friar Martin de Castaega and in the malleus itself by Kramer and Sprenger. Hence, historical literature tended to point towards how women were the more inferior of the two genders, and therefore had the larger propensity to be driven towards becoming a witch. Without a doubt, the society in Europe at that point of time was one that was highly patriarchal in nature (Hufton, 1983, 125-141). While the society was basically patriarchal in nature, there argon arguments as to whether this ignore be extended to be characterised as being misogynistic. Anderson and Gordon (1978) point to the innate low quality that women possessed in the eyes of the roman print Catholic church building, the dominant religious authority in that time, saying that the Church saw women as more amenable to the allures of Satan (Anderson and Gordon, 1978 174). The paper also highlights the role of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), that was anti-feminist and very popular, reprinting fourteen editi ons. The Malleus essentially highlights women as creatures possessing insatiable lust, til now not having the strength of mind to counter the temptations of the Devil.However, statistics also show that women were not the and ones who were victims of the witch-hunts. In several regions, men were the ones who were heavily persecuted instead. Regions such as Finland show a relatively even number of male and materialization-bearing(prenominal) persecutions, part in areas such as nonemandy and Iceland, the number of accused male witches far exceeded the number of female ones. This clearly shows that if there had been a subtlety of misogyny, it was not uniformed throughout Europe. Monter (1964 563) points out that the stereotypical witch in the French province of nary(prenominal)mandy was not a poor, old woman, but a shepherd who may be a youth or an old man. Similarly, in Iceland, only 8% of all the accused witches were women (Levack, 1987 142). The analysis and treatment of the se statistics seem to point to the fact that there were differences in societal perspectives towards women and the differences in questioning techniques (Monter, 1964 588). Monter (1964 589) suggests that women were treated with leniency during the trial, and some were kept in prison house alive for interrogation, even while the men were being executed. The reasons can why men were more persecuted in some societies and women in others are unclear, but most historians point to the fact that it was impossible to pinpoint a particular reason in every society why this was so. Much of the reasons behind the gender imbalances must be attributed to the culture and views of the society itself, but what can be certain is that the witch-hunt was not strictly gender-specific. Without a doubt, a society that places emphasis on patriarchal values cannot be dismissed as misogynistic simply based on statistics alone.At this point it is relevant to circular that there were differences between the elite and peasant conceptions of witchcraft, and this extended to the persecution of women. For the peasantry, the persecution of witches was less of the cartel with the Devil and more of practical concerns such as the failure of crops or the death of livestock (Laurence, 1995 216-218). Similarly, with the persecution of women, the concerns circled around the fact that babies and young children were being victims of maleficia, alternatively than the witch being a Devil-worshipper per se. Unsurprisingly, therefore, a large number of women who were accused of being witches were the lying-in maids for more privileged families, who looked after the newborns and had direct see with them, as in the case of Anna Ebeler of Augsburg (Roper, 1991 19). Roper (1991 23) also points to how this may be a result of the association of femineity and maternity. Normal women were able to have children, yet witches were unable to, leading to a sense of envy that bred the feeling of aversion towards mothers and their babies.Strands Of DevianceOne of the central themes occurring in the witch-hunts would have to be the fact that the society in early modern Europe had very subatomic tolerance for those who were different from them. Jews and homosexuals were persecuted, and the society was predominantly peasant, poor and part of the Roman Catholic Church. Those who were different were frowned upon. Women generally married and had children at a young age, were uneducated and viewed as weak. Their primary purpose was to be subservient to their husbands and litigate their families, keeping the household. This view of women can be contrasted to the stereotype of a witch, as mentioned above. Being old and unmarried, as well as being socially isolated, these alleged witches were evidently different from the general conception of a woman in society.Larner (198192) puts forward the idea that witches were persecuted not because they were women, but because they were non-women who did not fit into the societal view of a woman. While a typical woman was maternal, witches were unable to have children where typical women stayed home at nights, witches flew to remote locations to uniting Sabbaths. This fit in with the elite conceptions that the reality in which witches lived in was essentially one that was an anti-society. Blcourt (2000 300) explains that God was a guardian of social norms, while the Devil was just the very opposite. These non-women were persecuted for disobeying the social norms, and some historians even conclude that women accused other women of being witches because they felt threatened by an single who did not conform to the male image of them (Larner, 1981 102). The role of the Roman Church was also not to be ignored in the reinforcement of this stereotype. Women had an increase likelihood to practice love magic as compared to men (Blcourt, 2000 303), and since only priests of the Church could legally practice magic, they were more likely to be persecuted as a result.Remote PossibilitiesWhile the possible presence of a repressing patriarchy or a societal aversion to deviant conduct have often been cited as the reasons behind the gender imbalance during the witch-hunts, there are a few other remote possibilities that will be mentioned in the passing. Scully (1995 857-858) points to how Venetian witches could choose witchcraft as a move option as opposed to being married or forced into prostitution, and this could be an escape from a possibly malevolent life, thereby proving to be a popular alternative for women in the region at that time. In his paper, Goodare (1991 291-292) get bys that economic factors could have been one of the reasons for the witch-hunts. Since the people had fallen upon hard times, those dependent upon charity handouts were hostile to others who were their competition and these were mainly women. Another article by Ross (Ross, 1995 333-337) draws an interesting correlation between the outbreak of lues in the 16th century and the persecution of more women than men. He posits that women, being the symbols of fertility, could be shunned due to syphilis as they would be spreading the venereal disease. Further, much of the witchs behaviour, he says, could be attributed to the madness that is a symptom of the disease.While fascinating, these observations by historians seem to be unique suggestions that do not appear in the literature as main causes for the increased persecution of women.ConclusionTo conclude, this report has outlined the stereotype of a witch and what perpetrated this stereotype throughout early modern Europe. It seems persuasive to argue that although there was a strong patriarchal society in those days, this culture did not amount to being misogynistic in nature. The stereotype of the witch that put out during this period and that was adopted by most modern historians emphasise a few features of witches that generally seem to be a result of the lack of toleranc e for social deviant behaviour, and simply reinforced time and again in a vicious cycle. The trend points to the fact that there are a variety of factors that resulted in more women being persecuted than men. Often, this phenomenon can only be attributed to the differences in the various societies in Europe, and the culture of the region or country. Ultimately, it can be concluded that a combination of factors led to more women being persecuted than men.ReferencesAnderson, Alan and Gordan, Raymond. 1978. Witchcraft and the Status of Women The Case of England. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 29, No. 2 171-184.Barry, Jonathan, Hester, Marianne and Roberts, Gareth. 1999. Witchcraft in Early recent Europe Studies in Culture and Belief (Past and Present Publications). Melbourne Cambridge University Press.de Blcourt, Willem. 2000. The Making of a Female Witch. Gender and History, Vol. 12, No. 2 125-141.Goodare, Julian. 1998. Women and the Witch-Hunt in Scotland. Social History, Vol. 23, No. 3 288-308.Hufton, Olwen. 1983. Women in History. Early Modern Europe. Past Present, No. 101 125-141.Larner Christina. 1981. Enemies of God The Witch-Hunt in Scotland. London Chatto Windus.Larner, Christina. 1984. Witchcraft and Religion The Politics of Popular Belief. New York common basil Blackwell.Laurence, Anne. 1995. Women in Engliand, 1500-1760, A Social History. London Weidenfeld Nicolson Illustrated.Levack, Brian. 1987. The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe. Harlow Pearson Education Limited.Monter, Williams. 1997. Toads and Eucharists The Male Witches of Normandy, 1564-1660. French Historical Studies, Vol. 20, No. 4 563-595.Ross, Eric B. 1995. Syphilis, Misogyny, and Witchcraft in 16th-Century Europe. Current Anthropology, Vol. 36, No. 2 333-337.Sawyer, Ronald C. 1989. Strangely Handled in any Her Lyms Witchcraft and Healing in Jacobean England. Journal of Social History, Vol. 22, No. 3 461-485.Scully, Sally. 1995. Marriage or a Career? Witchcraft as an Alter native in Seventeenth-Century Venice. Journal of Social History, Vol. 28, No. 4 857-876. simple sourcesDarst, David H. 1979. Witchcraft in Spain the Testimony of Martin de Castaegas Treatise on Superstition and Witchcraft (1529).Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger James. 1484. Malleus Maleficarum. Accessed 6 October 2009. Available at http//www.malleusmaleficarum.org/.Scot, Reginald. 1584. The Discoverie of Witchcraft. Retrieved from Early English Books Online.The practice of harmful magic

Human Resource Management in Health

human beings Resource Management in healthHuman Resource Management in healthAssessment 1Managing blustery and HarassmentBackground strong-arm and bedevilment is non only unacceptable, it is unlawful under both the Commonwealth of Australia and the posit legislations. There atomic number 18 many acts which prohibit blusterous and harassment and discrimination like the optimistic answerion ( personify Opportunity for Women) human action 1986, Disability distinction Act 1992, Equal Employment Opportunity (Commonwealth Authorities) Act 1987, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity electric charge Act 1996, Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994, Privacy Act 1988, Racial Discrimination Act 1975, Racial Hatred Act 1995 and Sex Discrimination Act 1984 at the federal level (Com forethought, 2010) and the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977, Disability Services Act 2006 and Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act 1998 at the state (NSW) level. Harassment and bully is non just u nlawful during leaning hours or in the study itself. It is also unlawful in any make for-related context, including conferences, employment or field trips, achievement functions and work end of year cleaveies. Harassing and/or strong-arm behaviour may be by a executive program or manager, a co-worker, a contractor, an advisor or others associated with the musical arrangement.Anti- browbeat or anti-harassment policies at oeuvre should provide safe and productive environment where the dignity of all(a) individual should be equally respected. The oeuvre should ensure to provide join and equitable treatment to all the employees regard little of their protected characteristics such as sex, age, race, disability, sexual orientation, physical characteristics marital status, religious or political belief, maternal(p) or carer status, pregnancy, gender identity, family responsibilities or any other personal ascribe under law. Harassment at workplace mint include unsuitable physical contact, verbal abuse and threat, offensive gestures, unwelcome and offensive remarks, jokes or innuendos, unwanted sexual propositions or demands, practical jokes that cause awkwardness, embarrassment or distress, unwelcome personal contact outside the workplace, unwelcome invitations or requests, intimidation, suggestive behaviour, the display of offensive nonices or posters, mocking comments about a persons port or manner of speech etc. Workplace strong-arm can involve humiliation, domination, intimidation, victimisation and all forms of harassment including that base on sex, race, disability, quirkiness or transgender. Bullying of any form or for any priming coat can claim long-term effects on those involved including bystanders. Bullying behaviour can be verbal (e.g. name calling, teasing, abuse, putdowns, sarcasm, insults, threats), physical (e.g. hitting, punching, kicking, scratching, tripping, spitting), mixer ( e.g. ignoring, excluding, ostracising, alie nating, making inappropriate gestures) or psychological (e.g. spreading rumours, dirty looks, conceal or damaging possessions, malicious SMS and email messages, inappropriate use of photographic camera phones).Literature review of the anti- strong-arm and anti-harassment measuresIn Australia, the workplaces identify bullying by the triplet criteria mentioned in most of the anti-bullying, anti-harassment and anti- discrimination policies (Comcare,2010 NT WorkSafe, 2012 SafeWork South Australia, 2010 WorkCover NSW, 2009 Workplace Health and guard duty Queensland, 2004 WorkSafe Victoria, 2009 WorkSafe Western Australia, 2010). The criteria are, they are repeated rather than singular, unreasonable and pose a risk to cause health and safety issues. Bullying and harassment not only have an effect on the health of the individuals being bullied (Einarsen et al, 2011) solely also have significant financial implications on the presidential terms that do not take measures to prevent them (Australian Productivity Commission, 2010 Einarsen et al, 2011). Therefore preventing bullying/harassment by providing safe work environment in order to avoid psychological impact on the workers health are the organisations responsibility (Lyon Livermore, 2007).There is considerable literature around the causes of the work place aggression/bullying which are placed into three classes essential and external factors and their interaction. For example, internal influences are related to the personality or the severity of illness of the patients whereas external influences focus on factors like famine of staff or noisy stressful work environment. The interactional barbel acknowledges the interplay of the internal and external factors in triggering maintaining and exacerbation workplace aggression which is manifested by means of harassment or bullying of the staff.The workplace should not tolerate harassment, bullying or discriminative behaviour of any kind, whether it is by the man agers, staff, contractors, advisors or others associated with the organisation in the course of its operations. All staff should be informed and instruct at the time of employment, the organisations stance on harassment, bullying and discrimination. Increased sentiency will persuade staff to have zero tolerance for bullying and will encourage workers to combat it either by refusing to take part in it or by not keeping silent and report the incident on time. Furthermore early hindrance is important. Regular workplace surveys and informal and formal discussions with the workers will protagonist secure early intervention (Moore, lynch Smith, 2006).Workplace bullying and harassment in the health firmament affects not only the professional but also the personal lives of the staff. They have an impact on the patients they care for and on the organisations reputations and the fiscal health. For example it was perspicuous from one of the studies that nurses feel slight safe at work in the main because of their colleagues bullying and harassment than from the patients or their relatives. Poor staff relations and electronegative organisational environments were identified as the main reasons for the workplace bullying (Farrell Shafiei, 2012). Hence lordly organisational environments including support from the supervisors, managers and colleagues can help buffer the negative influences of the workplace bullying and harassment as well as enhancing the staffs cognizance to cope with the situation when it arises (Parzefall Salin, 2010). Moreover where on that point is support from the colleagues and the managers, and where training and instruction to deal with the workplace bullying is available to the staff, it is observed that these can help buffer some of the negative health consequences of the bullying and violence (Schat Kelloway, 2003).In order to reduce the incidence of bullying in the public health organisations in Australia, research suggests that the focus should be on four areas of the hatful management practices which include the quality and frequency of the performance feedback, level of confirmatory leadership, building an engaging work team environment and establishing managers have duty for people management (Cotton et al, 2008).These four areas of people management practices can be achieved by taking a proactive approach to bullying by dint of promoting a positive workplace culture, senior management commitment, developing a bullying policy and related procedures, communication and consultation, monitoring of the work climate by surveys and other methods and informing training and instructing the employees (Comcare, 2010)In the health religious service organisations, management and staff are equally responsible to prevent the bullying and harassment at the workplace. Management has the responsibility to monitor the working environment to ensure that acceptable standards of conduct are observed at all times, mode l appropriate behaviour themselves, promote organisations anti-harassment policy within their work area, treat all complaints seriously and take immediate action to suss out and resolve the matter. Staff has the responsibility to comply with the organisations anti-harassment policy, offer support to anyone who is harass and advise them where they can get help and advice, maintain complete confidentiality during the probe of a harassment complaint, report bullying, harassment and offensive behaviour, even if not involved, to management. Over the prehistorical few years Victoria State has strictly implemented a number of anti-harassment and anti-bullying initiatives in their public health governance including workplace redesign, provision of personal duress alarms, employment of specially educate security staff and so forth. However their translation to practice is leftover to individual health organisations as a lead of which they were rarely followed up to know if the above initiatives were successful. This lack of evaluation measures reflects the situation that is prevalent across the Australia in respect to workplace bullying, where there is no acceptd home(a) approach and little in the way of the systematic program approximation (Farrell Cubit, 2005).ConclusionThere was some concerns in the past that the anti- bullying handicap measures mentioned in the literature and the polices adopted by the health service organisations were not in tandem with each other as a result of which the go failed to prevent and intervene in bullying. However recent studies has provided severalise that not only the Australian health care organisations are starting signal to make active efforts to prevent harassment and bullying, but also their efforts agree fairly with the recommendations emanating from the research world. Furthermore the Human Resources departments in the health care organisations seem to recognise the importance of dealing with the bullying an d hence go beyond just formulating the policies or training the staff. The active involvement of the Human Resource personnel also negates the popular belief in the past that it is the role of the managers and the immediate supervisors and not the HR department to intervene in preventing the bullying at the workplace. There is a need to implement the HR practices like attitude and training surveys, formal appraisal discussions and performance based pay etc. in the health care organisations.The other cardinal factor that needs to be changed in the health care organisations is that the anti- bullying action is rather undertaken for the problems reported and not as a snag measure. In other words many health organisations adopt anti-bullying measures as part of a reactive rather than a proactive strategy. in addition there is an urgent need to recognise that the anti-bullying polices in the health services should be framed based on the needs and requirements of the local organisation and not copy pasting from other sources or merely imitating other organisations. Thus, a policy that does not address the local organisation needs is less likely to be adapted, less likely to be implemented and less likely to be applied when the bullying actually occurs. Furthermore, it is observed that there is severe lack of evaluations and surveys to identify the effectiveness of the currently practised anti-bullying measures in the health organisations.As health services are becoming progressively complex in terms of staff, resources, communications and so forth, they should have wanton expectations regarding the transparency of the employers interpersonal interactions to avoid the occurrence of the complex or troublesome interpersonal dynamics. The health organisations should take all complaints of harassment, bullying and/or discrimination seriously and deal with them promptly in a relish of compassion and justice. They should ensure that the privacy is maintained and the complainants and witnesses are not wrong in any way either by the management or the employees.ReferencesAustralian Productivity Commission 2010, Performance benchmarking of Australian business code Occupational health and safety, Canberra, viewed 25 March 2014, http//www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96163/ohs-report.pdf.Comcare. 2010. Preventing and managing bullying at work A ply for employers (OHS65), Canberra, viewed 25 March 2014, http//www.comcare.gov.au/forms__and__publications/publications/safety_and_prevention/?a=40108Cotton P, stag P, Palmer R, Armstrong K, Schembri C 2008, Working well An organisational approach to preventing psychological injury, a guide for corporate, HR and OHS managers. Comcare, Viewed 25 March 2014, http//www.comcare.gov.au/forms__and__publications/publications/safety_and_prevention/?a=41369Einarsen S, Hoel H, Zapf D, Cooper CL 2011, Bullying and harassment in the workplace Development in theory, research and practice, second edn, CRC Pre ss, Boca Raton, FL.Farrell G Cubit K 2005, Nurses under threat a comparison of core of 28 aggression management programs. International diary of Mental Health Nursing, vol.14 no.1, pp. 4453.Farrell GA Shafiei T 2012, Workplace aggression, including bullying in nurse and midwifery A descriptive survey (the SWAB study), International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 49, pp.14231431.Lyon G Livermore G 2007, The regulation of workplace bullying, Melbourne WorkSafe Victoria.Moore MO, Lynch J, Smith M 2006, The way forward, Proceedings from the 5th internationalist conference on bullying and harassment in the workplace, Trinity College, Dublin, pp. 129131.NT WorkSafe 2012, bar of bullying at work Employers, Darwin, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.worksafe.nt.gov.au/Bulletins/Bulletins/15.01.12.pdf.Parzefall MR Salin DM 2010, Perceptions of and reactions to workplace bullying a social exchange perspective, Human Relations, vol.63, no.6, pp.761780.SafeWork South Australia 2010, P reventing workplace bullying A practical guide for employers, (0095), Adelaide, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.stopbullyingsa.com.au/documents/bullying_employers.pdf.Schat AC Kelloway EK 2003, Reducing the adverse consequences of workplace aggression and violence the buffering effects of organisational support, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, vol.8, no.2, pp.110122.WorkCover NSW 2009, Preventing and responding to bullying at work, (WC02054), Sydney WorkCover Authority of NSW, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/formspublications/publications/Documents/bullying_at_work_2054.pdf.Workplace Health and Safety Queensland 2004, Prevention of workplace harassment computer code of practice 2004, (PN11183), Brisbane, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/resources/pdfs/prevention-workplace-harassment-cop-2004.pdf.WorkSafe Victoria 2009, Preventing and responding to bullying at work, Melbourne, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.worksafe.vic.gov .au/wps/wcm/connect/f61387004071f2b98ca4dee1fb554c40/WSV585_05_04.10WEBsmall.pdf?MOD=AJPERES.WorkSafe Western Australia 2010, Code of practice Violence, aggression and bullying at work, Perth, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.commerce.wa.gov.au/WorkSafe/PDF/Codes_of_Practice/Code_violence.pdf.

Cognitive Network Security

cognitive Network aegisIntroductionThe rapid development of various conversation and wireless technologies had guide to ultimate spectrum insufficiency. This may cause a vast spectrum extinction thereby non allowing new wireless services to be instal conduct. To overcome this bang-up spectrum disaster and to optimally use the underutilized bars, a new technology so called cognitiveradio evolved. This technology scampers the softw atomic number 18 programs thereby helps cognitive user to look for spectrum holes, hustle the best among them, work jointly in coordination with other users and do not disturb the owner of spectrum on arrival1.The members do stay connected in an ad-hoc manner and there is no guaranteed network architecture. This makes the privacy issues more obscure than in conventional wireless devices. 2. The medium of transport is free air, each adulteration of info elicit be done with turn up much creation noticed by the sufferer and at the worst case, the information signboards are even jammed. Establishing security in these networks is a risky task because of its irreproducible quality. 4 The innate temperament of it has made it an open play ground for attackers. there are four storeys in a cognitive network out of which Physical layer is the lowermost layer and various attacks are practicable here .The main focus is on attacks in these layers since it is the common layer and has same compatibility with all other devices. The rapid development of technology has led to a new attack so called primitive user rivalry Attack wherein the imitation of spiteful user as a primal transmitter occurs to deceive the petty(a) users and gain access over the vacuous space.Better liveing of the Cognitive network is affected to a great extent if this Primary User Emulation Attack is severe.3Earlier systems and the most ill-bred are cyclostationary and the energy detective work ones 11. The kickoff proficiency is based on the fact tha t the signals from unproblematic users are periodic and do have well- assembleed cyclostationarity property. The second method involves comparison of energy level of the signal with a preset threshold. 10.These methods are already bypassed owing to the rapid growth of technology. It green goddess be done either by impersonating the primary transmitted signal or high power signal to confuse the energy sensing element 9.Thus to avoid the problem of PUEA, we need a trustable method to mince the arrival of primary user .One such method is verification of authorise user by means of biased reaction signalling6. The other technique involves LocDef , where we use localization technique by non interactive technique 7. We lowlife also use Public encryption systems thereby ensuring the trustworthy communication5. Primary user has a closely placed accomplice node which plays the design of a bridge thereby enabling of the verification of the primary users signals using cryptographic s ignatures and authentic link signatures.8.There are hired hand off techniques meant for secret communication of sharing session keys between the client and the router 12.We do chalk up the pit for authentication in a unbiased mien so as no to interfere with the primary pass recipient but still maintain authenticity with the cognitive user. We can add this tag in parity scraps of the codeword or in the modulation organization .13.But to make this signature implantding accurate, fallacy control codes like convolutional codes, turbo codes or alamauti codes can be used. .A convolutional encoder is a linear predetermined-state device with n algebraic function generators and K stage shift register. The binary input data, is shifted as b bits at a time along the registers. Decoding can be done by either sequential decoding, maximum likelihood or feedback decoding15. In case of turbo codes, two RSC elementary codes are in a parallel organization. Maximum A Posteriori algorithm i s used for decoding it in iterative process16.In a highly noisy environments single error control codes do not have high coding gain. In order to improve this concatenated codes are preferred.14 Hence to cope up with the FCC regulations, we proposed a method in which the authentication tag is plant onto the data signal by the helper node afterward encoding and the comparative study of which concatenated codes take to heart the best to reduce the bit error rate has been discussed.II. PROPOSED METHOD2.1)HASH algorithmProcedureMessage is Padded in such a way that the length of centre married persones to 896 modulo 1024 . In certain cases ,the length may match yet the padding becomes additional. We do add a binary bit 1 followed by binary 0s to make the desired length. Depending upon the actual gist size, we may have n number of bits aggrandize where n=1 to 1024.We do seize on that the message after padding is an unsigned whole number of 128 bits and output of earlier two steps is a 1024 bit integer in order to calculate the length of message. Eight registers each of strength to hold 64 bits (p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w) are needed to grasp the 512 bit results momently .This 512 bit output is carried over as an input to the consecutive stages. For the first stage, the previously stored transitional hash output is taken. On processing the padded message of 1024 bits, we get 64 bit as input per round. So to maintain the security and avoid repetitions, we do use a unbroken to point to the round number out of 80.After completion of 80 rounds, the last-place stage result is fed back to the first block until the message gets over. Thus we need (Oi-1) to produce Oi where I is the stage number.2.2)METHOD OF EMBEDDINGWe assume that the primary transmitter and the helper node share almost the same geologic location and the helper node has a secret communication with the secondary users there. The primary transmitter on arrival generally transmits a data signal to i ts intended primary receiver. Since the primary transmitter has the highest priority and in no way it should be interfered we use the helper node to embed this security tag. The primary transmitter encodes the data sequence, modulates and transmits the signal. The data sequence after encoding is modulated and beingness transmitted by the primary transmitter. The helper node here repeats the signal and the hashed output is being embedded by it .Here the embedding is done in such a way that the tag to data ratio is comparatively low. Encode the data sequence to form N code words and each codeword contains p bits. We get an authentication tag by splitting the hash function output obtained earlier into p bit blocks. The tag thus obtained is substituted in the place of first p bits of the total N code words obtained. We do obey the regulations as per FCC since this tag embedding task is solely performed by the helper node. At the receiver end the authentication tag is retrieved and chec ked for authenticity. This tag verification is being done by the Cognitive Radio user upon reception since we did assume that the key for hash had been exchanged privately earlier. If verification is successful, the task is hang and secondary user looks for any new white space.BLOCK plotRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONBER VALUES FOR CONVOLUTIONAL CODESBER VALUES FOR TURBO CONVOLUTIONAL CODESBER VALUES FOR CONVOLUTIONAL-ALAMOUTI CODESBER VALUES FOR TURBO-ALAMOUTI CODESREFERENCESO. Len ,Hernndez-Serrano, J.,Soriano, M.,. Securingcognitiveradionetworks, International Journal of Communication Systems,23 633-652. 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