Pragmatism and the Progressive Era - Free Essay Example

Pragmatism is a concept developed by Charles Pierce, John Dewey, and William James which simply states that Pragmatists rejected all forms of absolutism and insisted that all principles be regarded as working hypotheses that must bear fruit in lived experience (Burke, 2007). George Mead always believed that the role of the scientist was to solve problems, and pragmatism adopted this same focus; that of the scientist whom is interested in generating ideas that help to solve the problems within society. According to George Ritzer, pragmatism directly relates to Meads sociological theory based on the fact that pragmatists believe that truth and reality are actively created through individual and social acts, the use of reflective consciousness allows people to base their knowledge of the world on what has proven useful to them in the past, and that our understanding of actors should be based on the actors conduct in the world (2011, p.422). The pragmatists rejected all forms of absolutism and insisted that all principles be regarded as working hypotheses. To Mead, pragmatism reflected the triumph of science and the scientific method within American society and their extension into the study of the social world belief in the superiority of scientific data over philosophical dogma and all other types of knowledge (Ritzer, 2011, p. 422). Mead insisted that City Hall would be the center of the reform movement and actively tried to reconcile research with political engagement (Shalin, 198 8, p. 923). According to Shalin, Mead agreed with the author, Le Bon, about the fact that socialist teachings tended to become dogmatic as it lays claim to a priori validity. Mead renounced all versions of socialism that sanctioned violent means, and expressed skepticism over Marxs economic analysis, which he found at odds with economic and political realities of the time (1988, p. 925). Mead believed that social democrats had taken over the quest for justice. They denounced revolutionary violence and instead became progressive reformers with an emphasis on pragmatism and opportunism. By the early 1900s Mead had moved away from Socialism and was identifying himself with the Progressive creed, which was basically an unswerving commitment to societal reform through non-violent constitutional methods (Shalin, 1988, p. 926). This credence is easily identified in a publication of Meads during his time at the University of Chicago, The Working Hypothesis in Social Reform (1899). In this document we see how Meads theories based on behaviorism and the mind are inextricably intertwined with the notion of pragmatism and progressive social reform: In social reform, or the application of intelligence to the control of social conditions, we must make a like assumption, and this assumption takes the form of belief in the essentially social character of human impulse and endeavor (Mead, 1899, p. 370) and What is the function of reflective consciousness in its attempt to direct conduct? The common answer is that we carry in thought the world as it should be, and fashion our conduct to bring this about (Mead, 1899, p. 371). The use of science to solve societal issues was an important part of Meads work in social reform. What he said in The Working Hypothesis in Social Reform shows clearly his belief in pragmatism and necessary reform: A conception of a different world comes to us always as the result of some specific problem which involves readjustment of the world as it is, not to meet a detailed ideal of a perfect universe, but to obviate the present difficulty; and the test of the effort lies in the possibility of this readjustment fitting into the world as it is. Reflective consciousness does not then carry us on to the world that is to be, but puts our own thought and endeavor into the very process of evolution (Mead, 1899, p. 371). According to Mary Jo Deegan, Professor of Sociology at the University of Nebraska, although Mind, Self, and Society is considered to be Meads most famous work, much of his work and writings, which contributed to social reform of his time, had been neglected (1978, p. 362). Deegan also asserts that, the examination of the biological basis of man, the evolution of society which is mirrored in the development of the self, and the use of science as a method for the individual to change society and, in effect, to change the generalized other, are all componential aspects of Meads view of man, his mind and self. (1978, p. 363). Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr created Hull House in 1889 on the South side of Chicago, Illinois after being inspired by visiting a similar settlement in London called Toynbee Hall. Addams and Starr believed that by living as neighbors to the impoverished residents of Chicagos ninth ward they would be able to better learn, understand, and help the residents. They found that the women of the ninth ward were in need of childcare and began their work by opening a kindergarten and nursery, as well as creating adult classes. Soon, other educated women had begun to join Hull House, including Julie Lathrop, Florence Kelley, Edith Abbott, Charlotte Perkins, and others. Addams, as a pragmatist, valued real life experience over theoretical generalizations and her methodology consisted of participant observation alongside empirical data and placed great importance on the vantage point of an issue. Her research was practiced through what she called the neighborly relation, which is an authent ic, caring relation between the researcher and the subject of the research (Ritzer, 2011, p. 307). According to Ritzer, Following the pragmatic creed of testing the truth of ideas by experience, Addams drew on her Hull House work to develop a sociological theory based on the conviction that people had now to begin to work collectively and cooperativelywhich meant learning to tolerate differences (2011, p. 309). Although Addams clearly identified with particular groups (pacifists, socialists, feminists, etc.), she refused to be labeled as such. This refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological. Addams commitment to social cohesion and cooperation prompted her to eschew what she perceived as divisive distinctions. Active democratic social progress was so essential to Addams that she did not want to alienate any group of people from the conversation or from the participation necessary for effective inclusive deliberation (Hamington, 2018). Addams was considered a practitioner of radical meliorism in her time; she challenged the existing structures of current pragmatism by advocating for the betterment of all society, rather than simply social progress. She termed this lateral progress; meaning that social advancement could not be declared through the breakthroughs or peak performances of a few, but could only authentically be found in social gains held in common (Hamington, 2018). Mead and Dewey held the progressive stance that poverty was a result of faulty organization of society, not the fault of the individual (Shalin, 1988, p. 930). Addams was of the same mind. She argued that the poor were often victims of circumstance and that it is the responsibility of society to develop a means for their participation in lateral progress. One of the great sociological innovations of Hull House were the methods designed for studying and publicizing the social problems of the time. They redefined these issues from being considered unavoidable and showed that they were subject to social control, social improvement, and social elimination (Ritzer, 2011, p. 313). John Dewey was a disciple of William James and applied pragmatic thinking to education. He proposed the learning by doing model, rather than simply memorizing facts, and that interest was an intrinsic part of learning. Although Dewey and his colleagues at the University of Chicago were consistent supporters of unionism, they at first limited their labor activism to participating as experts in the movement for educational reform. The movement addressed class issues from the vantage point of the laboring poor (Feffer, 1994, p. 117). Dewey began his experimental University Laboratory School in 1896. The participants and their activities brought together an extended community of reformers, academics, and parents who shared Deweys commitment to democratic education (Feffer, 1994, p. 119). His school avoided the regimentation that characterized most schools of the era and instead focused on educating through practical application of the material and the interests and needs of the students. Florence Kelley came to Hull House in 1891 where she opened an employment center and began conducting research on sweatshops for the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics. She was a member of the Socialist Labor Party and brought with her a sense of class-consciousness and conviction for the improvement of working conditions for all. At this point, Hull House became more involved in the labor movement. She advocated for minimum wage, shorter work days, and childrens rights, and was an activist for womens suffrage and African-American civil rights. During her time at Hull House, Kelley was able to advance her career as it provided her with a network to social organizations while bypassing male organizations in her pursuit of social activism, as at this time women were denied participation in formal politics. One major difference between early female sociologists and the theorists commonly associated with the pragmatist tradition is vantage point. Addams spoke from the vantage point of women, immigrants, children, and the poor. She addressed womens issues and womens suffrage with a conviction that many male pragmatists of the time could not match, even if they were sympathetic to womens issues. Dewey championed feminine contributions to philosophy: When women who are not mere students of other persons philosophy set out to write it, we cannot conceive that it will be the same in viewpoint or tenor as that composed from the standpoint of the different masculine experience of things (Keith, 1999, p. 330). George Herbert Mead and John Dewey were both active in the suffrage movement and members of Hull House. Mead and Addams worked on a number of projects together including pro-labor speeches, peace advocacy and the Progressive Party, and Dewey often assigned Addams books to study in his university courses. Each had an influence of the others works, but Addams was often frustrated with the abstractness of the University of Chicago and preferred to theorize about the interchange between theory and practice while actively practicing at Hull House. During the Progressive Era, pragmatism was associated with professional, academic settings, although part of the premise of pragmatism was practice. This is why many women were not considered to be pragmatist philosophers at the time, but progressive reformers or activists. For example, although John Dewey and Jane Addams were both well known and influential in their time, they have been characterized very differently historically. Dewey was considered to be a great intellectual and Addams was considered to be an activist. However, even Dewey himself denied this characterization and credited Addams with assisting with the development many of his important ideas on education, democracy, and philosophy (Bruce, 2015). Addams work was mapped onto conventional gender understandings: male philosophers such as John Dewey, William James, and George Herbert Mead were regarded as providing original progressive thought while Addams was seen as brilliantly administering their theories (Hamington , 2018). Contemporary feminist pragmatists view this distinction as classic representations of gender archetypes: The man provides wisdom and the woman provides care. Ida Wells-Barnett was an activist for African-American rights and womens rights, she helped found the National Association of Colored Women and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (Ritzer, 2011, p. 316). She took an active role by campaigning for change. Beatrice Potter Webb first worked with the poor then used the method of participant observation in her sociological study. She became part of the Fabian Socialists who believed that the way to combat the great social inequalities London was experiencing was by providing accurate information on which a reformist state can be established and make policy (Ritzer, 2011, p. 324). Charles Pierce, John Dewey, and William James are credited with the development of pragmatism into a philosophy, yet only Dewey used pragmatism in practice. Pierce and James theorized and philosophized on the topic and use of pragmatism, but never used it for more than theoretical discussion, as far as I can tell. For example, James delivered a series of lectures in 1906; in his second lecture, James explained the methodology of pragmatism through a story of a squirrel and a man. In short, a squirrel was on a tree and a man was on the opposite end of the tree. The man continued to run round the tree, trying to see the squirrel, but the squirrel continues to run to the opposite side from the man until they are both circling the tree. The question is, does the man go round the squirrel. James determined that whenever you meet a contradiction you must make a distinction; in this case the distinction of the meaning of to go round. Technically, the man did go round the squirrel, since he had circled the tree and the squirrel was on the tree; and technically he did not, as the squirrel always had his back opposite the man and the man never went around the squirrels back. So, the answer depends on the distinction made. He explained, The pragmatic method is primarily a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be interminable (Project Gutenberg, 2004). The difference between traditional pragmatist theorists and early female sociologists, omitting Dewey and Mead, was theoretical and metaphysical versus the actual practice of pragmatism for the betterment of society.

Essay Tips - Where Can You Find College Essay Samples

Essay Tips - Where Can You Find College Essay SamplesCollege essay samples are a great tool for essay writing when you're trying to find some tips on how to make it better. These sample essays are written by professors who have experience in higher education. They have designed these types of samples to help others who want to start their own writing careers as well.Most students who are looking for college writing tips would love to use these college essay samples to help them write well in English Literature, History, or Geography courses. There are a lot of different choices available when it comes to these particular college essays samples that will allow you to choose one that best fits your needs.There are certain materials that will allow you to personalize your particular essays. You can either choose a specific writing style or you can choose a style that is based on a specific area of interest. This will help you be able to create a more personal and specific essay.While yo u can choose a college essay sample that provides you with a variety of different options, there are certain sections that are common among all the different selections. The section where you should begin and conclude your essay will vary from one specific resource to another.Since you need to get specific information out of your college essay samples, it would be a good idea to consider writing one of these essays prior to submitting it to a professor so that you will know exactly what you need to get out of it. There are several places that you can get this specific information from.If you are having difficulty finding the correct answer to a question, you can always choose to use an online text editor to type the questions in. Many times you will be provided with different results, once you choose to use an online text editor to get the answers.college essay samples university of Maryland College essay samples are great resources when you're trying to find writing tips on how to improve your writing. It will be a great help to those who want to move ahead in their writing careers.

The Challanges of Marijuana Legalization Essay - 1855 Words

The use of marijuana for medical purposes has stimulated debate for many years. Some people find it beneficial, and believe it is the best way to relieve their chronic pain. There are a growing number of people who think marijuana is safe and think it should be legalized in small quantities for recreational use. Despite its illegality, marijuana has continued to be used by many people. Though some discount it as a harmful substance, there are many others who worry about increased criminal behavior, addiction and other health problems that can arise from its use. But more importantly they are concerned about the message teenagers would get if marijuana was legalized for recreational use. Since marijuana is a natural product many people may†¦show more content†¦As more responsibilities are heaped on teenagers, they are prone to find a way to deal with it, possibly drugs. It does not help that many people in authority, including some of our Presidents, have admitted to using ma rijuana at one time in their life. This acceptance of marijuana coupled with the pressures teens face on a daily basis is one reason that more teens are using marijuana. Because of the widespread use and acceptance of this substance, as well as the passage of several state medical marijuana laws, several research studies were conducted. These studies were analyzing whether new medical marijuana laws were causing an increase in teen use. The data from the research showed there was an increase in teen use over the last four years. One such study even revealed that it had increased in the youngest age group studied, eighth grade students (Anonymous). This increase in teen use is discussed in an article from Target News Reports that states â€Å"one in every fifteen high school seniors today is smoking pot on a daily basis† (Marijuana). These studies show a growing trend in teenage use of marijuana. It also indicates that legalizing marijuana, even for medicinal purposes, may pla y a role in increased teen use.However, there is some conflicting evidence from National Institute on Drug Abuse that demonstrate research over a period of ten years, 2001-2010, indicating that there has not been a

Essay about Marxs Manifesto - 1305 Words

Marx’s theoretical work is the understanding of the nature of human beings and how they have constructed their historical world. Marx is considered a modernist because his views and theories fit the meaning of Modernity, which are human freedom and the right to free choice. To Marx, Capitalism is a barrier to the notion of human freedom and choice. Five aspects of his political theory are: how he views human nature, effects of Capitalism on human natures with emphasis on significance of labor, class struggles within Capitalism, the demise of Capitalism and the need for the transition to Communism. Marx belief of human nature is that it changes over time; it is historical and dynamic. In understanding human nature, it is important to†¦show more content†¦As the result of Capitalism, labor has been under admonition and oppression. Instead of picturing the world as it is, Capitalism pictures the world in a distorted view. A view that leads to the alienation of the true meaning of human nature. The view that places the products of laborers more important than the laborers themselves; thus the laborers are objectified. Laborers then do not realize that they are the ones who are in control of the product that they produce. â€Å"Alienated labor hence turns the species-existence of man, and also nature as his mental species capacity, into an existence alien to him, into the means of his individual existence.† The distorted view leads to the miscognition of self of the working class who are cut off from their essential powers. They fail to realize that the world is of their own making and that they have the ability to create and recreate the world in which they live in. Marx’s theory of privileging of economic matters places an emphasis on class struggles that are related to the forces of production as well as the relations of productions. Economics is the production of the exchange of goods and services through labor arrangements. In every society there is a way to distribute goods and services called a mode of production. The mode of production is the combination of the forces of productions; like rawShow MoreRelatedMarx and the Communist Manifesto927 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A specter is haunting Europe -the specter of Communism,† Karl Marx proclaims. This phantom maybe the resolution to rid a country of greed and exploitation. Karl Marx in the collaboration with Frederich Engels elucidates his concern of capitalism and his yearn for a communistic society in the book, The Communist Manifesto. In this book he explains his idea of true communism. True communism is a social order in which all citizens are equal. In communism equality means that society is classless, moneylessRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Marx943 Words   |  4 Pages Commentary â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† by Marx Karl Marx was a German philosopher in 1818 through 1883 and he lived during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the creation of modern society and the creation of machines where Marx gets his new ideas and beliefs. Marx philosophy was about class struggled and how we progress throughout history of a group conflicted with another group. Marx believed that time drags us to a higher level after every conflicted we had in history alsoRead MoreMarx And Engels : The Communist Manifesto896 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto had little influence when it was first published, in 1848. Marx and Engels start out the document with the phrase, â€Å"[a] specter is haunting Europe – the specter of communism† (Marx and Engels, 14). Marx and Engels are referring to the fear of communism that was spreading in Europe. The fear towards communism, first surfaced by groups that were attempting to flaunt enormous power, saw the risk of their interests being aff ected; therefore, they promoted a generalized panic thatRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1044 Words   |  5 Pagesworld was forever changed when Karl Marx published The Communist Manifesto, the ideas of a stateless and classless society would inspire many, and forge the path that many nations would follow, and give rise to numerous conflicts throughout the 20th century. Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany on May 5th 1818. During his early years he studied philosophy and law, in 1834 Marx had moved to Paris and had adopted a radical view of socialism known as communism. Marx met and became friends with a manRead MoreKarl Marx Manifesto Analysis907 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx studied law and philosophy and he was heavily involved in political, economic, and social issues throughout his adult life. In 1843 he relocated to the radical city of Paris where he met his lifelong friend and collaborator, Friedrich Engels. (BBC, 2014) In 1847, a group of prominent communists of various nationalities met in London and commissioned Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to devise â€Å"The Manifesto of the Communist Party.† In the introduction to the manifesto, Marx says the SpectreRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx1094 Words   |  5 Pagesrich and the oppressed would battle the oppressor. During the time â€Å"The Communist Manifestoâ₠¬  was written, we can see two distinct classes battling out as well. These two classes are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. According to Karl Marx in â€Å"The Communist Manifesto†, the battle will end â€Å"either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes† (Marx 8). Marx argues that in the end the proletariat would remain because the bourgeoisie are unstableRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, has become one of the world s most significant pieces of political propaganda written to this date. The main contributor to the book was Karl Marx. Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 in Western Germany. When he turned seventeen he enrolled at the University of Bonn to study law. Due to his social misbehavior, his father had him transferred to the University of Berlin, which had a stricter regime. During this time at college, heRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1185 Words   |  5 PagesIn their work called The Communist Manifesto, which was created in 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are exploring their ideas and thoughts on the situation that was taking place in their time : the distinction that was more and more visible between two social classes - proletariat and bourgeoisie. The two authors are explaining how the bourgeoisie is exploiting the working class. They are encouraging the oppressed workers to rise and to confront this injustice in order to make their life betterRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Marx And Engels855 Words   |  4 PagesFor Karl Marx, t he analysis of social class, class structures and changes in those structures are key to understanding capitalism and other social systems or modes of production. In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels comment that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Analysis of class divisions and struggles is especially important in developing an understanding of the nature of capitalism. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by the relationsRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto1112 Words   |  5 PagesFail- Past, Present, and Future Karl Marx was born in Prussia in 1818. Later in his life he became a newspaper editor and his writings ended up getting him expelled by the Prussian authorities for its radicalism and atheism (Perry 195). He then met Fredrich Engels and together they produced The Communist Manifesto in 1848, for the Communist League. This piece of writing basically laid out Marx’s theory of history in short form (Coffin 623). The Communist Manifesto is mainly revolved around how society

Essay about Effects of Influences - 3563 Words

Statement of Problem Coming from the inner-city I have been exposed to many risk factors that affect a juveniles chances of becoming a delinquent or serious and violent offender. Intervention, however, can decrease the chances of a juvenile becoming delinquent. There are various protective factors that can buffer the impact of risk factors on a childs life. My mentor was the main source of protection from the risk factors of my childhood. Despite the fact that my family was not the positive influence I needed, I am grateful for my mentor because he really taught me a lot. For children raised in a single parent home, a mentor can do a world of good for both the child and himself. Both benefit from the knowledge each can provide†¦show more content†¦The outcome of the childs life is considerably different compared to a child who has a stable life with both parents. With only one parent a child may receive only half the guidance given by two parents. This usually results in the child making wrong decisions like getting involved with other risk factors such as school problems or dropping out. The way we are socialized by our surroundings has a dramatic impact on whether we become delinquents. Positive influences in a childs life can make a world of difference because they really show the proper way of living. Unfortunately, a lot of the inner-city youth do not have anybody to look up to other than negative influences. The juvenile may not even realize that his/her surroundings are negative influences since he/her is so imbeded in his/her surroundings. Most students here at the University of Denver have older parents who have succeeded in finding a career and a life-long companion with whom to share a child of their dreams. In the inner-city most parents have their children early in life while still in their teens or early twenties; and do not provide their children with a good foundation for success in the future. My hypothesis is that a single-parent home in the inner-city communities put a child in more risky situations compared to children of parents that are married before raisingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Influence On Adolescents1273 Words   |  6 Pagescohorts were influenced by the sites the same way as younger people. Given their recruitment sample was an undergraduate psychology course it seems unlikely the age range was intentional. Two studies that looked specifically at pro-anorexia site influence on adolescents were Pryslopski (2011) (11-18 years) and Custer and Van de Bulck (2009) (13-17 years). Custer and Van de Bulck study found a positive correlation between age and viewership in female participants. They found as female adolescentsRead MoreEffects Of Parental Influences On Children Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesminutes a day of PA. However, how do parents have an influence on the physical activity their children are receiving? 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The book highlights knowledge of the language, history, and culture as criticalRead MoreThe Effects Of Language On Language Influences1909 Words   |  8 Pagesthat language influences or determines the way in which an individual thinks (Whorfian Hypothesis). Subsequently, Miller and McNeil (1969) distinguished three versions of this hypothesis, simply ladled â€Å"strong†, â€Å"weak† and â€Å"very weak†. The â€Å"strong† hypothesis emphasizes the role of language when creating cognition, essentially language determines thought. The â€Å"weak† states that language inf luences memory perception. Finally, the â€Å"very weak hypothesis states that language influences memory. LanguagesRead MoreThe Effects and Influences of Enzymes Essay618 Words   |  3 PagesEnzymes Enzymes are an important group of proteins that act as biological catalysts i.e. they speed up or slow down the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes are manufactured by cells according to the genetic code carried by the chromosomes; because each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction, it is the enzymes that determine the function of the cell. The structure of enzymes and the nature of their active sites (where they bind to the reacting molecules) can be determined by suchRead MoreEssay Meaning and influences of The Halo Effect962 Words   |  4 Pagesit is, you would need to know what the Halo effect is. This effect consists in making good judgments about a person base on one of his or her character ´s aspect. To make clear, who have never listen or think that beautiful people are smart, or that people who wear glasses are nerds. I am pretty sure that you have criticize d someone by using some of these statements. Therefore, you have used the Halo Effect to draw conclusions about a person. This effect can be present in different aspects of our livesRead MoreFactors That Influence Teenagers On Alcohol And Effects1570 Words   |  7 PagesKassandra Marie N. Romero English 27- NB Sir Andre Dominic Peralta Factors that influence Teenagers in alcohol and Effects Introduction The teenage years are the time of searching ourselves, engaging in different activities, doing something to fit to our peers and trying to form what we want to be. They are usually under the pressure on the school activities and performance. Sometimes, pressure from their parents who has big expectations from them is the reason why they engaged alcohol. In the presentRead MoreDeviance And Its Effects On Society And Influences Behaviors1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthey could be in a wheel chair or have a physical or mental handicap. Sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) refers to this as a stigma which is a blemish that discredits a person’s claim to a â€Å"normal† identity. Deviance plays a role in our society and influences behaviors. Crime and their consequences, the way people dress, talk, and how a society functions are all outcomes of deviance. We as people, as human beings, depend tremendously on the things that are normal in our lives. These things becomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On The Media Influences Viewers1587 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Bias in the Media Influences Viewers Television reaches more consumers for more time than any other source of media. Its use for entertainment or news is overly influential, persuasive, and authoritative. Through these characteristics, any type of information or message influences its massive audience. Because of this, what Americans see – or fail to see- has a powerful impact on how they view other races. Young children are especially vulnerable to the information they are exposed to. TVRead MoreRecognise the Effect of Barriers and Influences on Communication2748 Words   |  11 PagesRecognise the effect of barriers and influences on communication Communication can be blocked if individual differences are not understood. There are 3 ways in which this happens; a person can not see, hear or receive the message, a person can not make sense of the message, a person misunderstands the message (Core Themes in Health and Social Care, page 6, Beryl Stretch). These can all make communication ineffective and often impossible but can all be overcome with a different method or communication

Oil Palm And Palm Oil - 930 Words

Since its establishment in the beginning of twentieth century, oil palm plantation management has evolved rapidly in terms of efficiency and productivity. Oil palm is a versatile plant that almost every single part of it proven to be useful (Figure 1). Oil palm produced two types of oil: palm oil and palm kernel oil. They are both extracted from mesocarp and the seed or kernel (hard-shell mesocarp) by delicate separation at certain phases in palm oil factory/milling processes (Basiron 2007). The two oils have different uses for different market niches. While palm oil is mainly used as food material, palm kernel oil is usually used as raw material in oleochemical industry such as detergents, toiletry, and cosmetics products. Therefore, almost 50% of products that can be found in the supermarket contains oil palm and its derivative (WWF 2009) Figure 1. The versatility of oil palm. Apart from the produced oil and its derivatives, oil palm biomass is a valuable commodity. Taken from IOPR I (2009) According to Basiron (2007), oil palm produced a significant amount of fibrous products such as empty fruit bunches and fruit mesocarp fibres, which have been reused in the plantations and in the mills as soil mulch and material to be burnt in boiler to produce energy, respectively. Further use of this fibrous biomass will be second-generation biofuel which based on fibre conversion into a liquid fuel. In plantation practice, oil palm has been used integrated pest managementShow MoreRelatedPalm Oil And Its Effects1835 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Palm Oil makes up more than 50% of daily used goods, particularly food goods, but this is not without effects on other animals, plants and people. Many people are completely unaware of the effects of Palm Oil. This is the reason why more awareness of Palm Oil and it’s effects, is necessary. This report will look at what Palm Oil is, how it is used, it’s positives, it’s negatives and sustainable Palm Oil. 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Thirty years ago, palm oil accounted for less than 2 percent but now accounts for 37 percent of vegetable oil consumption worldwide, and palm has displaced soy as the world’s most important vegetable oil. Palm oil is used as a biofuel, for cookingRead MoreNotes On Red Palm Oil1373 Words   |  6 PagesRed Palm Oil or Red Palm Foiled: Dr. Oz’s Bold Claims Debunked -Anonymous â€Å"Biology and Society† Contributor Dr. Oz, the beloved host of the popular television health show The Dr. Oz Show, has a new superfood ready to improve everyone’s health: red palm oil. This oil, while containing unhealthy saturated fats, is actually great for your health. 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THE ANIMALS CONFLICT ANALYSIS MAJOR PAPER PEACE 101 – INSTRUCTOR: RANDY JANZEN BY: TAYLER DIXON Submitted March _______ Introduction: Palm oil is an essential ingredient we all use in our every day lives. This product is mostly manufactured in Africa, Southeast Asia, or Brazil. It’s used in shampoo, baked goods, cleaning substances, or even toothpaste (‘What’s the issue’, n.d.). As you can tell all of these are used daily, palm oil isn’t just only a crop used for certainRead MorePalm Oil : How It Is Impacting Our Planet1496 Words   |  6 PagesPalm Oil – How It Is Impacting Our Planet Palm oil has many popular uses in the world today. Its production has also caused great concern for the impact it has on the planet, especially due to deforestation. Palm oil is a vegetable oil that comes from the fruit of the African oil palm tree and can be found in roughly 50% of packaged goods found in your local grocery store. It is the most widely produced edible oil. 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Using Death Row Inmates For Medical Research free essay sample

Due to animal testing, one animal dies in a laboratory in the United States every second, in Japan every two seconds and in the United Kingdom every twelve seconds. Billions of non-human animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and psychologically tormented because of medical research. Alternatives for these experiments have shown to be less expensive and can be used repeatedly. We are in desperate need of reliable medical research. Why not experiment and receive more accurate finding for our medical needs? Why not use people who didn’t think twice about giving up their so-called human-rights when they committed such heinous crimes towards our society? Inmates on Death Row should be involved in a selfless and valued service with a purpose beyond being taxpayer burdens. Animals are said to have a different distribution of fine blood vessels and their skin does not react in the same way to the tests as that of a human. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Death Row Inmates For Medical Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although humans and animals are particularly similar throughout the central nervous system, other systems such as the cardiovascular system may differ greatly. For instance, lethal dosage (LD) tests used for cosmetic testing do not measure human health hazards, but only determine how toxic the product is to the type of animal it was tested on. The drug, Fialuridine, does not harm dogs and monkeys but often proves fatal to humans. Transgenic mice containing the defective gene causing cystic fibrosis do not show the symptoms characteristic of the condition in humans. Often, many diseases and substances act differently in humans than they do in animals. During experiments using animals in the past, tobacco continuously failed to produce cancer in the subjects being tested. Due to these failed trials; warnings and concerns about the dangers of cigarettes were not recognized for many years. During a test using the drug, Milrinone, it increased the mortality rate of patients with heart failure by 30% (www. lcanimal. org). During testing, it was shown to decrease this rate. Companies â€Å"claim† they carry out animal testing to establish the safety of their products beyond doubts. Their â€Å"main reason† to continue their horrific experiments on defenseless animals is to protect overall human health. It  does not seem completely logically to test human products and inject human diseases in animals that often are not resulting in the accurate results society depends upon. What better way to determine what effects a drug will have on a human than by testing it on a human? Death Row Inmates who have been proven guilty of their heinous crime should have to partake in a service to improve humanity since they are no longer a productive member of society. According to the 8th Amendment to the United States Constitution, we as the people prohibit the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishment. There are particularly four principles by which we may determine whether a punishment is â€Å"cruel and unusual. † The four principles are as follows: Degrading to human dignity, especially torture; inflicted in wholly arbitrary fashion, in other words, given for no legitimate reason; rejected throughout society; patently unnecessary. Since medical testing on animals still exists, it looks as though it is done for a legitimate reason and purpose, it is still not rejected throughout our entire society to completely ban the procedures, and it is apparent that the tests done are patently necessary. Why test human products on unreliable sources such as defenseless animals that are unaware of their purpose? Why not medically test human products on a human, who has willingly forfeited their life their rights when they committed their crime? In Florida, the average length of stay on Death Row prior to execution is a little over 13 years. That’s 13 years of a three guaranteed meals each day, a housed cell with a bed to sleep on, entertainment, including television, magazines, and a radio, exercise material, and an opportunity to shower every other day. That is 13 years of life a criminal is still living, living off the same persons’ tax funds that he or she may have tried to kill or have permanently damaged their life in some way or form. A new study in California has found that the death penalty costs taxpayers $137 million dollars each year. Why not cut those costs, save our money, and let these inmates serve in a valued service for the greatest of mankind? Human Rights activists might complain that it is unethical to use murders, rapists, drug dealers, serial killers and such as â€Å"lab animals†. It is also unfair that taxpayers’ money should contribute to keeping these people in prison years on end. As these people committed their crimes, they automatically â€Å"lost† their human rights. With this in mind, using them for the sake of medical advances will indeed redeem their lives in society and pay for their crimes at the same time. Inmates proven guilty and placed upon Death Row should indeed be involved in a selfless and valued service with a purpose beyond being taxpayer burdens.