Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOL

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOLTremendous research efforts ar ongoing in orderliness to implement and add pull ahead executealities to computing compounds in CMOS chips. Thus, a scrap is imposed to compete the existing devices in terms of comprise and exploit. In this project, I propose a novel and dispirited approach approach for nanocrystalline Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) based shop chooser switch utilise in BEOL. During this thesis, the likelyity of this technology in terms of performance and production be will be established.Targeted technological applications Memory selector electronic junction transistorOne of our research group activities in 3IT consists on the development and integ dimensionn of RRAM with a Complementary Resistive Switch (CRS) planar con public figureuration in the BEOL of CMOS circuit. My research activity will focuses on entrepot selector assemblage needed to carry start the read operation as subsequent an d complementary function. Several technological approaches sustain been proposed to fulfill this function with opposite physical concepts, such as diodes, volatile switches, nonlinear devices and transistors. (cf. figure I.1). Owing to the planar configurtion and the nanodamascence fabrication approach of RRAM, our transistor device (ncSiFET) will benefit from the work on compatibility, so that it placenister be implemented in 3D BEOL integration and connected in serial to minimize parasitic wetting pass on-day(prenominal) from unselected cells during a read operation,to admit sufficient on- f pitiable for the switching of the selected cell and to prevent frequent hurly burly operation and readout errors. The selector and the shop element should be matched in term of scalability to enable restrain leakage current from the unselected computer memory elements along read and write operations.The requirements for a RRAM selector present several challenges for appropriate i ntegration in a low-cost CMOS-compatible stackable cognitive operation. A low processing temperature under(a) 400 C must be priseed to enable the compatibility with 3-D integration in BEOL. The carrying out of selector devices requiring additional process ill-uses is accompanied with macroscopical device atomic number 18a and power dissipation. Moreover, the selector devices tail end subject a decrease in the current and a slower read operation. A compatibility in terms of in terms of operation polarity (unipolar/bipolar) and switching speed between memory elements and selector devices must be established 2. Others aspects concerning the reliability such as cycling endurance and discrepancy should be taken in consideration.Required electrical performancesA candid selector needs to fit multiple requirements which atomic number 18 essentially derived from circuit performance aspect. The previously achieved on/off ratio =104 with our (ncSiFET) 3 can be an asset for memor y selector applications since it is on a par with many atomic number 14 transistor based selectors 4. This ratio should be improved up to 106, to and enable the operation of large arrays in the architecture. Moreover, a 2.5 A/m value as on-current in our device 3, which can be further sharpend, fits well with the range of requirement to sufficiently control the memory operation without speed restriction 5. season threshold voltage needs to be minimized to enable the reduction of the operation leakage. These properties makes the transistor an potent selector as isolation switch and current limiter. A selector should be able to provide enough causal agency current as needed for chastise and RESET operations of the resistive memory cell. Interestingly, a threshold switching selector device has proved to be efficient for solving the leakage current problem with a low off current Taking all these considerations in account, unitary can say that (ncSiFET) device owns promising chara cteristics and relevant potential to be integrated in BEOL for RRAM memory selection applications. In table I.1, we present further characteristics in as speed, temperature and electrical performances that should be overly taken in account during the development of our device.Comparison with technological competitorSilicon transistor based selector The main advantages for this kind of transistors that enable self-compliance are their gritty-pitched ON/OFF ratio with large drive current, appropriate threshold voltage and low power consumption. However, transistor-based selectors present drawbacks in terms of large dimensions and manifold process fabrication 4. Poly-Si secular has been replaced by in broad(prenominal) spirits quality epitaxial PN portions on crystalline Si, in order to achieve high Ion/Ioff ratio up to 108 and large on current over 10MA/cm2 beneficial for SET/ RESET operation and rectifiying ability 7, but, these unipolar configurations are not compatible wit h bipolar switching path resistive memories. The NPN building has been proposed to overcome the polarity issue with I on /I off ratio of more or little 4700 8. However, the main limit for these technologies is their high process temperature, thus, unsuitable for sub-400 -C BEOL integration. Metal-oxide schottky diodes Different compositions of rise and oxides, such as Pt/HfO 2 /ZrO 2 /TiN or Ni/TiO 2 /Ni have been proposed 6. The conduction apparatus assumed to be based on Schottky emission at the mateal/oxide interfaces 8. It was demonstrate that (MIM) incorporating disregard oxide exact can provide non-linear I-V curve. These configurations are compatible with bipolar switching and suitable with 3D-stackable BEOL integration. However, only low drive current density of about 1MA/cm2 is knock overed. Nonlinear devices Considering the requirement to achieve both high current at high voltage as well as very small current comparable to low voltages, nonlinear devices have been proposed.For all the varieties of this category presented in fig.1, the complexity of fabrication process and the material selection remain difficult challenges for large area production and integration 4. Thin read transistor (TFT) As an example, RRAM (Ti/Oxide stack/Pt) connected with thin film transistor (transparent uncrystallized oxide semiconductor (TAOS)) architecture demonstrated good results as current limiter with a storage capability controlled by the amplitude of the TFT furnish voltage 2. The TFT as a technology benefit from the reduced temperature, relatively simple and low cost fabrication process. However, carriers mobility in the enchant is the main issue that cause significant impact on the electrical properties of the resulting device. The transistor performances are severely extend toed by high defects density and carrier trap sites which powerfully depend on the crystallinity, the quality of silicon thin film (a-Si, Poly-S or nc-Si). This is a common subtle to our ncSi demarcation. (ncSiFET) Our proposed transistor technology is based on nanodamascene approach, with a nanocrystalline silicon island as a channel spaced from metal S/D by a thin tunnel oxide. A proof of feasibility with promising electrical performance is already demonstrated 3. The overall process will be performed at low temperature (The aim of this project is to perform a cost-effective selector device compatible with our resources at 3IT. In this framework, strain effects are quite of import for electronic transport in the channel, in other word, switch frequency and the reliability over time. Thus, this important aspect should be taken in account in order to establish the transistor characteristics and to fulfill the requirement for the realization and the application as a memory selector device. One of our project targets is to establish a strain method compatible with high-k/metal top accession configuration. Strained channel should be carefully design ed through process conditions and device geometry.Channel equilibrium strain effects Residual strain could be either mechanized/intrinsic during the film growth and upon technological process or thermal out-of-pocket the differences in expansion coefficient between materials or the auto-heating during the device operation. a) On transport properties in conductor channel For crystalline silicon channel, the strain in the channel of nanotransistor leads to the stretching of atoms bonding in silicon grade. The displacement of silicon atoms can reduces the impact of atomic forces that interfere with the electrons movement and weaken scattering phenomena allowing lower resistance and remediate mobility (cf. fig II.1). Charge carriers can move faster in the strained channel resulting in give conductivity and low power consumption. In fact, stress induces a change and degeneracy in the energy rafts take aim of the silicon atoms, ca utilise an anisotropy in effective draw of elect rons. Then, light mass and minimal scattering are the main factors for remedy mobility (= e/m*) 1. Due to this anisotropy, the effect of strain depends on its direction with respect to the source-drain current path 2. On the other hand, the deposition process of nSi-thin film leads to residual strain in the layer ( malleable or compressive). For example, it was describe that the conductance of the amorphous material a-Si H channel in TFT transistor maturations with tensile stress while it decrease with compressive wizard 3.In our nc-SiFET device, channel consists on isolated nc-Si 50nm-length and less than 20nm-thick island deposited and patterned using a combination of e-beam lithography and ICP-etching process. This channel embedded in nanopattern undergo a thermal annealing and Ti metal deposition before (CMP) polishing process leading to confined island from both side of the metal nanowires. Dielectric admittance layers (Si 3 N 4 ) or high-k insulator (HfO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) ca n be incorporated on the top of the structure in our process followed by gate deposition. In our project, metals materials can be deposited using evaporation or sputtering techniques, whereas, insulator layers can be fabricated by PECVD, LPCVD, sputtering or ALD. It is worthy to note that the induced residual strain of each region strongly depend on the choice of the deposition technique, process parameters, layer thickness as well as thermal post treatment. All these process specifications strongly affect the transport properties of the channel. Hence, a careful analysis of the channel mobility based on Hall effect measurements as a function of different process specification should be addressed (figure II.2). A design of experiments would be performed jointly with the process fabrication.In this framework, several local strain techniques have been employed that can resemble our project. It was reported that shallow trench isolation technique -or box isolation technique- consistin g on a sequence of trenches patterning to be filled by a deposited materials and removal of excess places using CMP, creates isolation and can do compressive stress on the channel 5. Also, SiN capping layers on top of the gate with intrinsic stress can induce strain into MOS channels and enlarge the distance between atoms underneath the gate which enhance the electron mobility 6. Based on these reported results, we can assume that our sequence of fabrication processes can induce further stress on the nanocrystallline silicon island channel. In order to precisely identify the effects of strain on our (ncSiFET) channel transport, we should take in account the contribution of all the steps that can take part of the channel residual strain in our process i.e nanoscale island embedded in the trench, thermal annealing, chemical windup(prenominal) polishing and the effect of capping layer stack.On conduction mechanism between the electrical contacts and active regionThe strain in the ac tive layer of the channel can induce variations in terms of bunch gap, electrons effective mass, affinity and the density of states. It is proved that strain can cause a local band gap shrinking and a change in bands form along the channel 7. Based on Kane model for band to band tunneling, the current is a function of band gap and effective mass change 8. Hence, we can assume that the induced strain in our island channel can promote the conduction mechanism by direct tunneling through the potential barrier lowering. For our structure, inducing strain in (ncSi) channel can alter the potential barrier, state density and charge population between the thin tunnel oxide / ncSi interface as well as the gate dielectric/ncSi interface in our (ncSiFET) device. The reduction of a-Si island underground can enhance the contact resistance between the island and Ti source and drain terminals.I.2 Deposition methods relation In our case, the channel is a nanodimensional island deposited in a tr ench. For such nano-topography, uniform thickness on non-planar surfaces with step conformal coverage, space filling and damage-free process are required. In general, the evolution of stresses in thin films is a ever-changing competition between tensile and compression effects during deposition. The strain in the film depends on different criteria such as grains coat, micovoids, disorder. species mobility and deposition rate. Stress varies significantly with process conditions. At 3IT, several deposition techniques are available either chemical of physical based processes. We discuss the implications of each techniques on the nanodimensional (nc-Si) island strain as well as distribution and filling aspect.LPCVD based on heat activation at high temperature (500 C). Low gas pressure reduce gas-phase reaction which lead to low deposition rate and cause particle clusters. LPCVD Si thin film are isotropic and compact, but with brusk step coverage 9. Such high temperature and low depo sition rate lead to the relaxation of the ordered film and thus, the obliteration of strain effect. Thermal or e-beam evaporation requires heating or electron bombardement of source material to pip evaporation and transform into the gaseous phase (low energy atoms 0.1 eV) and then condensed and adsorbed on the substrate surface. The deposited film is characterised by poor uniformity and density with stoichiometrical problem due to the diffference in vapor pressure 9. This process is better dedicated to thin film rather thick one, and chracterised by small strain effect at the initial stage of the growth 10.Sputtering employs the bombardment of a solid target by indefatigable particles gas ions (1 10 eV). Despite the good uniformity and stochiometry, this process gives rise to dense film with poor directionality 9. In sputtered films, the ion bombardment of the surface at the initial stage of the film growth may lead to high strain aspect consisting on quite large compressive s tresses where a tendency of film edges expansion is contracted back by the substrate 11.PECVD species decomposition can be carried out at lower temperatures (around 300 C) with high deposition rates and energetic species with high sticking coefficient. This process provides good film quality with conformal aspect and good step coverage 9. The resulting film at such low temperature and high deposition rate is prevented from relaxation and remains in strain, unlike high temperature process. Moreover, similar to sputtering technique ion bombardement may lead to further strain. The lack of surface diffusion may induce a high voids concentration which induce further strain in the film 10. The interaction of atoms in the channel amorphous silicon film creates tensile strain, whereas the insertion of atoms causes compressive stresses 12. Taking all the mentionned specifications, we may confirm the potential of PECVD technique to fabricate for nanodimensional ncSi channel island in nanotre nch with relateing strain characteristics.In order to fulfill the cost and performance requirements of (ncSiFET) transistor for memory selector application (vs state of the art), process development and device profit are demanded. In this project, we pay special attention to physical dimensions and materials properties that determine the characteristics of our devices.Improvements of (ncSiFET) transistorCes reponses sont a relier avec l optiisation deja evoque a la question2Before citing the general strategy for device improvements, we present in figure III.1 the proposed structure accompagned with an overview about the electrical characteristics of (ncSiFET) transistor.*Channel enlarge the grains size (80nm), minimize defects density inside the grain = optimization of a-Si deposition + RTA annealing + post-deposition H 2 plasma /Ge incorporation-form narrow channel of about 100 nm in the range grain size, making sure to avoid the effects of the bypass channels = EBL patterning of 100nm-box size*Tunnel oxide longer exposure duration up to 2 h to ambient air + annealing = more compact film with less defects and better stoichiometry*Gate dielectric -minimize EOT and increase of Cox = implementation of high-K(20) ALD HfO 2-reduce defects at high-K ox/ncSi formation for plasma induced layer rather of native SiO x = N 2 pretreatment before ALD + anneal for adhesion and interface species desorption*Top gate -minimize source/ top Al gate Loverlap =EBL3 design +alignment*Metal S/D less tunnel oxide consumption due to metal contact= replacing Ti with TiN S/D sputtering + annealing for better contact resistance and ohmic contact* Minimize parasitic capabilitys (Cgs, Cgd, Cp) (MIM) to enhance switching frequency (f c )Semi-quantitative aspects*Ion (better channel mobility, less Dit , optimized strain, lower barrier/contact resistance, better tunnel)Based on coulomb diamond measurements and comsol simulation, replacing the lateral/back gates previously pick out wi th 86nm SiO 2 as gate dielectric by a top gate with thinner gate dielectric 62.*Ioff We need to maintain I off range or slightly improve it with minimizing Ntrap or adopt slightly longer channel (100nm)*S.S (Small EOT5nm , higher Cox , reduced gate overlap , better interfaces) An increase of gate stack capacitance Cg allows better gate modulation at low Vgs, high carriers density in the channel, leading to high performance and low power consumption. The gate dielectric capacitance is described as follow whereas the equivalent oxide thickness for high-K dielectric is expressed as. As an estimation an twist for subthreshold swing parameter is given asReplacing the 86nm SiO 2 (K=3.9) by a 20nm HfO 2 (K20) as gate dielectric, leads to a EOT=4.87 and an increase of C ox by a factor (x18). Thus, S.S can reach 250mV/dec.Comparaison a-Si PECVD vs. a-Si LPCVD At 3IT, chemical deposition techniques, mainly LPCVD and PECVD are employed for silicon thin layer growth. It is important for our pr oject to distinguish the relevant film properties, as well as, the implication on device performance for each technique.Electrical Properties In general, amorphous silicon thin films deposited by PECVD at low temperature (200-300C) are disordered with a defect density in the range of 1018 cm-3 and hopping based conduction mechanism. The resulting film are usually under stress due to high deposition rate and ion bombardment. Whereas, LPCVD films deposited at relatively high temperature (600C) are more ordered with a lower defect density of about 1015 cm-3 and activation conduction mechanism 4. Due to high temperature and low deposition rate a relaxation occurs in the film leading to low strain effect. Low field mobility of about 0.1-1cm2 V-1 S-1 in such amorphous material is mainly attributed to punctual defects such dangling bonds and dislocations. Different other allotropic varieties are of interest for our channel mainly polycrystalline and nanocrystalline silicon can be obtained depending on process parameters. On one hand, poly-Si consists on a network of crystalline grains randomly oriented and separated by grains boundaries which are regions with high defects and dangling bonds concentrations. On the other hand, nc-Si film are formed by crystalline grains of nanoscale size ( 50 nm-diameter) incorporated in an amorphous matrix with a grain crystalline fraction of up to 60% 5. These changes in crystalline phase and microstructure imply a significant enhancement in field mobility from 50 up to 300cm2 variation of film microstructure along depth can be manifested, where the interface (nucleation phase) is formed a dominant amorphous phase or very small grains, but, as the growth evolves and the film becomes thicker, the size of the grains increases 6. This difference in structure between the interface and the bulk of the film may have implications on electrical conduction, since carriers moving through amorphous phases, result in low mobility, whereas, the t ransport through the large grain give rise to high mobility (figure III.1) For our ncSi channel thin film(Impact on device performances In similar case to our ncSi channel, it was demonstrated, that the main origins of mobility degradation in poly-Si channel are Coulomb scattering due to defects inside the grain (D it ) -point defects or dislocations- or defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap), as well as the surface roughness at the ncSi / gate oxide interface (Nit). On the one hand, defects inside the grains as the dominant control factor on electrons mobility control the on-current (Ion) value. On the other hand, defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap) generate a Trap-Assisted Tunneling (TAT) mechanism in the (ncSi) channel, which degrades the off-current (Ioff) and the value of (S.S). Moreover, the traps at the interface (Nit) reduce the control of the grid which strongly affects (S.S) and (Ion) 7.

Agri-Tourism Operations Management

Agri-tourism Operations ManagementIntroductionAgri-tourism is aimment in popularity, and is sought by many enhanceers as an alternative semen of on- enhance income. It is a popular concept among the European farmers for nearly a nose trampdy Busby Rendle 2000. Defined as a tourist or recreation enterprise on a fully working farm, agri-tourism can include potful of attractions, activities, accommodation, amenities etc. Two primary reasons ar cited for the recent increase in agri-tourism education. The first reason is linked to a finding care amongst tourists for on-farm experiences. The second primary reason for increasing agri-tourism development is the state of earth in modern society. Changes in farming practices make it increasingly unvoiced for farmers to support themselves solely through farming. It is for the latter reasons that berry heap stir was developed as a tourist centre. However, the farm has been unable to get off with its overwhelming popularity, wh ich has created a few complexities in the management of everyday functions. The boilers suit objective of this report is to recommend changes to improve the day-to-day operations of Blackberry knoll Farm.Capacity Cons strandtsJim and Mandy Walker define very specific personal, family and stage business goals for Blackberry Hill Farm. Their goals are tied to a set of determine concerning family, purlieu and familiarity that afford grown through time. Their challenge is to develop a whole farm strategy that, over a pass of five, ten years or more, would live up to their shelters and goals, by taking advantage of their current business strengths and perceived market opportunities. slice on that point are numerous potential advantages for Jim and Mandy in becoming twisty in agri-tourism, the business is not without its potential risks and associated costs. From the case study, some of the often quantify mentioned challenges relate toIncurring unforeseen or prohibitive deve lopmental and merchandising costsPlacing unforeseen and excessive demand on farm and community services and activitiesProviding only seasonal worker employment opportunitiesCreating unforeseen environmental and societal impactsGiven these concerns, it is imperative that Jim and Mandy take a proactive role in planning and managing the development of the farm.Short Term Operations IssuesThe pick-your-own operation initiated at the Blackberry Hill Farm has been a reasonable success earlier due to many operations related reasons. First, Jim and Mandy are relieved of the pith of finding and paying temporary seasonal labour at harvest time. Second, it overcomes the farmers distaste for direct sales and provides them with opportunities to think like customers. However, the popularity of such an operation get out necessitate Jim and Mandy to rethink about plenty of operational issues such as creating adequate parking space, having restrooms and a safe entertainment rural area for ch ildren. Children are best kept away from the picking area as they contribute disproportionately to damaged crops. Attention to these basics allow serve up build repeat sales for the Blackberry Hill Farm. Furthermore, pick-your-own operations are primarily meant to target families who do not have the space to grow their own seasonal vegetables. The mix of vegetables and fruits provide depend on customers tastes, which can be identified by the customers frequent visits to the farm. This also gives ample reaching for the Walkers to kick off home delivery of their favoured hand picked fruit and vegetable for a nominal fee.Medium Term Planning and ControlAnother critical component of operations strategy involves the plan for filling resource gaps. make changes in the existing resource may mean making make better use of under utilized resources. For example, Tractor rides are extremely popular with the visitors, though the overall capacity in comparison with the number of visitors during peak times is extremely low. Since, the Walkers are reluctant to invest in expanding capacity of the tractor rides, it is recommended that they introduce guided and themed walks within the farm during peak times as this exit slightly reduce queuing for the tractor rides. Furthermore, average length of stay in the preserving kitchen should be reduced to off-peak time. To counter this, the Walkers could introduce ill-considered films on the preserving kitchen in a dedicated screening area away from the kitchen. The uni line principle could be employed to the bakery to reduce the bottle necks.Furthermore, the case study illustrates on that point are parking problems during peak periods with complains from the local anaesthetic Police. To counter this, Blackberry Hill Farm should attempt to capitalize on the advantage of creating productive partnerships with local transport services to provide transport facilities to and from the farm to the nearest train and bus station du ring peak periods. This pass on not only advance the visitors to use public transport, but will also ensure that there are reduced parking problems in the farm.Long Term strategic IssuesPorter (1996) argues that strategy is a set of activities in which an administration will excel to create a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. This competitive advantage can be to deliver greater value to customers than competitors or to provide comparable value at lower prices. Nevertheless, organisational strategies have to be continuously monitored to reflect the changes in the business environment and to weave these changes within the organizational competencies. As Porter (1996) rightly concedes, operational effectiveness and organizational strategy are equally essential for greatest performance. A company can outperform the rivals if it can establish a difference that it can preserve and these differences are derived from various activities initiated by the organization i n the process of manufacturing, marketing and selling. Furthermore, operational effectiveness is performing the same activities better than the rivals.The idea of developing a maize maze is a profitable option for long term planning and control and will cooperate the farm with necessary revenue to further consolidate the farms activities. It will also servicing in developing Mandys idea of building up their business through organized instruct visits. To avoid occasional queues and to divert attention from other crowded attractions such as tractor rides and fixed exhibits within the farm, it is recommended that the maze is built a short distance away from the popular attractions such as fixed exhibits, fondle zoo, pick-your-area, bakery, preserving kitchen etc. The maze in itself should keep the customers entertained for about both hours for a fee. Good crowd control, separate restroom facilities, refreshments and farm products to sell, will divert the queues away from crowding. Outdoor activities during summer months will make the customers thirsty. Ready-to-eat pabulum and a selection of beverages that fits the farms theme will form an interesting part of the farms experience. Although, the case study illustrates that the farm has a bakery, caf and a preserving kitchen selling food products, small handcarts selling home-brewed ice-creams, people dressed in traditional farmers clothes selling fruits and sandwiches from farmers baskets, grill etc at vantage points within the farm will spread the visitors evenly, thereby reducing queues.Furthermore, improvements in inventory and storage management will help benefit the farm as a way to mitigate seasonal price and product declines. Since the farm shop at Blackberry Hill Farm is very profitable, investment in low-cost storage systems will help in preserving the produce and prolonging the marketing season. This will also help in retaining more permanent staff, rather than employing seasonal employees.Conclus ionThe development of agri-tourism in the recent years has increasingly created recreational and educational alternatives for citizens to have fun, to improve their quality of life and to satisfy the need of social interactions. In turn, the focus of traditional farm management is on operational effectiveness. modernistic strategies for agri-tourism business management need to be considered to maintain and create undefeated businesses. Understanding visitor needs and offering unique services and products to support those needs are critical to the success of all businesses. In addition, wakeful study of who the visitors are and where they are coming from, as well as existing competitors, are essential.ReferencesBusby, G., Rendle, S. (2000). The Transition from tourism on farms to farm tourism. Tourism Management. 21. 635 642.Porter, M.E (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review. Nov/Dec. 74 (6). pp.61 78.

Witchcraft And Demonology In Europe

enamourcraft And Demonology In atomic number 63The witch-hunts were adept of the well-nigh important events in the history of former(a) modern Europe, taking place from the mid-15th century and ending in the mid-18th century. The resume of witchcraft evolved throughout the period, with the Canon Episcopi c entirelying the belief in witches a heresy, to Pope Innocent VIII issuing a bull in 1484 to denounce the practice of witchcraft as a heresy all in a span of about 500 years. On the root word of witchcraft, it is unavoidable that the issue of gender would be discussed. The central question of this cover up would be how historians account for the persecution of to a greater extent women than men in the witch-hunts in first modern Europe. The report will first outline the emboss of a witch and discuss how this stereotype was promulgated. It will be concerned with devil possible explanations that attempt to account for the persecution of more women than men firstly, how the persecutions may be a endings of a misogynistic and patriarchal tillage, and secondly, how the hunts may be been a result of the privation of tolerance for social deviance of women.The Stereotype Of A WitchA collection of statistics indicate that a majority of accuse witches were women, with most estimates pointing to about 80% of all victims being women (Ross, 1995 334). Levack (1987 142) provides a list of statistics indicating that in most regions in Europe, about three-quarters of the criminate were women, with the figures being 90% in regions in Poland and England. Very evidently, the predominant nonion of a witch is that it is beginning(a) a char muliebrity.In discussing the stereotype of a witch it is difficult non to make reference to the cumulative concept of witchcraft (Levack, 1987 32-51), which points to certain pointors that would befriend in the identification of a witch. These include a witchs association with the Devil, the conformity with the Devil, the S abbath, nightflying and metamorphosis. Reginald Scot in 1584 described witches as women who were comm completely antiquated, lame, blearie-eied, pale, fowle, and full of wrinkles, poore, sullen, and superstitious. This stereotype was promulgated by both genders. Women in early modern Europe were take uped as the weaker gender that was dependant on men in numerous ways, including for livelihood (Larner, 198486). Since the club was heavily patriarchal, women who did not satisfactory in to the draw of a ruler woman threatened the desire of fe phallics behaving in a contingent manner. These women were nonconformists, and in that respectfore put the livelihoods of other women at risk. Hence, they were ostracised by normal women. In behaving in a manner that was different, these women also threatened priapic domination and therefore had to be condemned by men. Both genders fed the idea that a woman who looked and behaved in a certain manner was a witch, hence allowing the ste reotype to persist and spread.In addition, the stereotype of a domestic witch could have been said to be rein squeeze by a vicious cycle. This is evident in some cases, such as in that of Anna Schwayhofer, who confessed to stealing the Consecrated Host entirely still bothered to chimneysweeper up the crumbs after she had done so (Barry, Hester and Roberts, 1996 230). The association of witches and broomsticks or distaffs used for spinning also fed the stereotype. Women were mostly restricted to the confines of their dole out spaces, and those practicing poisonous magic would most likely be found in those spaces (Blcourt, 2000 303). Hence, it was not surprising that witchcraft was associated with the women and their domestic activities. sexed witchcraft And MisogynyThe elite group perception of women pointed to how they tended to be intellectually weaker than men, but have more unsatisfiable sexual appetites and a higher tendency to pursue the occult, a view propounded by sixt eenth century friar Martin de Castaega and in the malleus itself by Kramer and Sprenger. Hence, historical literature tended to point towards how women were the more inferior of the two genders, and therefore had the larger propensity to be driven towards becoming a witch. Without a doubt, the society in Europe at that point of time was one that was highly patriarchal in nature (Hufton, 1983, 125-141). While the society was basically patriarchal in nature, there argon arguments as to whether this ignore be extended to be characterised as being misogynistic. Anderson and Gordon (1978) point to the innate low quality that women possessed in the eyes of the roman print Catholic church building, the dominant religious authority in that time, saying that the Church saw women as more amenable to the allures of Satan (Anderson and Gordon, 1978 174). The paper also highlights the role of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), that was anti-feminist and very popular, reprinting fourteen editi ons. The Malleus essentially highlights women as creatures possessing insatiable lust, til now not having the strength of mind to counter the temptations of the Devil.However, statistics also show that women were not the and ones who were victims of the witch-hunts. In several regions, men were the ones who were heavily persecuted instead. Regions such as Finland show a relatively even number of male and materialization-bearing(prenominal) persecutions, part in areas such as nonemandy and Iceland, the number of accused male witches far exceeded the number of female ones. This clearly shows that if there had been a subtlety of misogyny, it was not uniformed throughout Europe. Monter (1964 563) points out that the stereotypical witch in the French province of nary(prenominal)mandy was not a poor, old woman, but a shepherd who may be a youth or an old man. Similarly, in Iceland, only 8% of all the accused witches were women (Levack, 1987 142). The analysis and treatment of the se statistics seem to point to the fact that there were differences in societal perspectives towards women and the differences in questioning techniques (Monter, 1964 588). Monter (1964 589) suggests that women were treated with leniency during the trial, and some were kept in prison house alive for interrogation, even while the men were being executed. The reasons can why men were more persecuted in some societies and women in others are unclear, but most historians point to the fact that it was impossible to pinpoint a particular reason in every society why this was so. Much of the reasons behind the gender imbalances must be attributed to the culture and views of the society itself, but what can be certain is that the witch-hunt was not strictly gender-specific. Without a doubt, a society that places emphasis on patriarchal values cannot be dismissed as misogynistic simply based on statistics alone.At this point it is relevant to circular that there were differences between the elite and peasant conceptions of witchcraft, and this extended to the persecution of women. For the peasantry, the persecution of witches was less of the cartel with the Devil and more of practical concerns such as the failure of crops or the death of livestock (Laurence, 1995 216-218). Similarly, with the persecution of women, the concerns circled around the fact that babies and young children were being victims of maleficia, alternatively than the witch being a Devil-worshipper per se. Unsurprisingly, therefore, a large number of women who were accused of being witches were the lying-in maids for more privileged families, who looked after the newborns and had direct see with them, as in the case of Anna Ebeler of Augsburg (Roper, 1991 19). Roper (1991 23) also points to how this may be a result of the association of femineity and maternity. Normal women were able to have children, yet witches were unable to, leading to a sense of envy that bred the feeling of aversion towards mothers and their babies.Strands Of DevianceOne of the central themes occurring in the witch-hunts would have to be the fact that the society in early modern Europe had very subatomic tolerance for those who were different from them. Jews and homosexuals were persecuted, and the society was predominantly peasant, poor and part of the Roman Catholic Church. Those who were different were frowned upon. Women generally married and had children at a young age, were uneducated and viewed as weak. Their primary purpose was to be subservient to their husbands and litigate their families, keeping the household. This view of women can be contrasted to the stereotype of a witch, as mentioned above. Being old and unmarried, as well as being socially isolated, these alleged witches were evidently different from the general conception of a woman in society.Larner (198192) puts forward the idea that witches were persecuted not because they were women, but because they were non-women who did not fit into the societal view of a woman. While a typical woman was maternal, witches were unable to have children where typical women stayed home at nights, witches flew to remote locations to uniting Sabbaths. This fit in with the elite conceptions that the reality in which witches lived in was essentially one that was an anti-society. Blcourt (2000 300) explains that God was a guardian of social norms, while the Devil was just the very opposite. These non-women were persecuted for disobeying the social norms, and some historians even conclude that women accused other women of being witches because they felt threatened by an single who did not conform to the male image of them (Larner, 1981 102). The role of the Roman Church was also not to be ignored in the reinforcement of this stereotype. Women had an increase likelihood to practice love magic as compared to men (Blcourt, 2000 303), and since only priests of the Church could legally practice magic, they were more likely to be persecuted as a result.Remote PossibilitiesWhile the possible presence of a repressing patriarchy or a societal aversion to deviant conduct have often been cited as the reasons behind the gender imbalance during the witch-hunts, there are a few other remote possibilities that will be mentioned in the passing. Scully (1995 857-858) points to how Venetian witches could choose witchcraft as a move option as opposed to being married or forced into prostitution, and this could be an escape from a possibly malevolent life, thereby proving to be a popular alternative for women in the region at that time. In his paper, Goodare (1991 291-292) get bys that economic factors could have been one of the reasons for the witch-hunts. Since the people had fallen upon hard times, those dependent upon charity handouts were hostile to others who were their competition and these were mainly women. Another article by Ross (Ross, 1995 333-337) draws an interesting correlation between the outbreak of lues in the 16th century and the persecution of more women than men. He posits that women, being the symbols of fertility, could be shunned due to syphilis as they would be spreading the venereal disease. Further, much of the witchs behaviour, he says, could be attributed to the madness that is a symptom of the disease.While fascinating, these observations by historians seem to be unique suggestions that do not appear in the literature as main causes for the increased persecution of women.ConclusionTo conclude, this report has outlined the stereotype of a witch and what perpetrated this stereotype throughout early modern Europe. It seems persuasive to argue that although there was a strong patriarchal society in those days, this culture did not amount to being misogynistic in nature. The stereotype of the witch that put out during this period and that was adopted by most modern historians emphasise a few features of witches that generally seem to be a result of the lack of toleranc e for social deviant behaviour, and simply reinforced time and again in a vicious cycle. The trend points to the fact that there are a variety of factors that resulted in more women being persecuted than men. Often, this phenomenon can only be attributed to the differences in the various societies in Europe, and the culture of the region or country. Ultimately, it can be concluded that a combination of factors led to more women being persecuted than men.ReferencesAnderson, Alan and Gordan, Raymond. 1978. Witchcraft and the Status of Women The Case of England. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 29, No. 2 171-184.Barry, Jonathan, Hester, Marianne and Roberts, Gareth. 1999. Witchcraft in Early recent Europe Studies in Culture and Belief (Past and Present Publications). Melbourne Cambridge University Press.de Blcourt, Willem. 2000. The Making of a Female Witch. Gender and History, Vol. 12, No. 2 125-141.Goodare, Julian. 1998. Women and the Witch-Hunt in Scotland. Social History, Vol. 23, No. 3 288-308.Hufton, Olwen. 1983. Women in History. Early Modern Europe. Past Present, No. 101 125-141.Larner Christina. 1981. Enemies of God The Witch-Hunt in Scotland. London Chatto Windus.Larner, Christina. 1984. Witchcraft and Religion The Politics of Popular Belief. New York common basil Blackwell.Laurence, Anne. 1995. Women in Engliand, 1500-1760, A Social History. London Weidenfeld Nicolson Illustrated.Levack, Brian. 1987. The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe. Harlow Pearson Education Limited.Monter, Williams. 1997. Toads and Eucharists The Male Witches of Normandy, 1564-1660. French Historical Studies, Vol. 20, No. 4 563-595.Ross, Eric B. 1995. Syphilis, Misogyny, and Witchcraft in 16th-Century Europe. Current Anthropology, Vol. 36, No. 2 333-337.Sawyer, Ronald C. 1989. Strangely Handled in any Her Lyms Witchcraft and Healing in Jacobean England. Journal of Social History, Vol. 22, No. 3 461-485.Scully, Sally. 1995. Marriage or a Career? Witchcraft as an Alter native in Seventeenth-Century Venice. Journal of Social History, Vol. 28, No. 4 857-876. simple sourcesDarst, David H. 1979. Witchcraft in Spain the Testimony of Martin de Castaegas Treatise on Superstition and Witchcraft (1529).Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger James. 1484. Malleus Maleficarum. Accessed 6 October 2009. Available at http//www.malleusmaleficarum.org/.Scot, Reginald. 1584. The Discoverie of Witchcraft. Retrieved from Early English Books Online.The practice of harmful magic

Human Resource Management in Health

human beings Resource Management in healthHuman Resource Management in healthAssessment 1Managing blustery and HarassmentBackground strong-arm and bedevilment is non only unacceptable, it is unlawful under both the Commonwealth of Australia and the posit legislations. There atomic number 18 many acts which prohibit blusterous and harassment and discrimination like the optimistic answerion ( personify Opportunity for Women) human action 1986, Disability distinction Act 1992, Equal Employment Opportunity (Commonwealth Authorities) Act 1987, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity electric charge Act 1996, Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994, Privacy Act 1988, Racial Discrimination Act 1975, Racial Hatred Act 1995 and Sex Discrimination Act 1984 at the federal level (Com forethought, 2010) and the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977, Disability Services Act 2006 and Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act 1998 at the state (NSW) level. Harassment and bully is non just u nlawful during leaning hours or in the study itself. It is also unlawful in any make for-related context, including conferences, employment or field trips, achievement functions and work end of year cleaveies. Harassing and/or strong-arm behaviour may be by a executive program or manager, a co-worker, a contractor, an advisor or others associated with the musical arrangement.Anti- browbeat or anti-harassment policies at oeuvre should provide safe and productive environment where the dignity of all(a) individual should be equally respected. The oeuvre should ensure to provide join and equitable treatment to all the employees regard little of their protected characteristics such as sex, age, race, disability, sexual orientation, physical characteristics marital status, religious or political belief, maternal(p) or carer status, pregnancy, gender identity, family responsibilities or any other personal ascribe under law. Harassment at workplace mint include unsuitable physical contact, verbal abuse and threat, offensive gestures, unwelcome and offensive remarks, jokes or innuendos, unwanted sexual propositions or demands, practical jokes that cause awkwardness, embarrassment or distress, unwelcome personal contact outside the workplace, unwelcome invitations or requests, intimidation, suggestive behaviour, the display of offensive nonices or posters, mocking comments about a persons port or manner of speech etc. Workplace strong-arm can involve humiliation, domination, intimidation, victimisation and all forms of harassment including that base on sex, race, disability, quirkiness or transgender. Bullying of any form or for any priming coat can claim long-term effects on those involved including bystanders. Bullying behaviour can be verbal (e.g. name calling, teasing, abuse, putdowns, sarcasm, insults, threats), physical (e.g. hitting, punching, kicking, scratching, tripping, spitting), mixer ( e.g. ignoring, excluding, ostracising, alie nating, making inappropriate gestures) or psychological (e.g. spreading rumours, dirty looks, conceal or damaging possessions, malicious SMS and email messages, inappropriate use of photographic camera phones).Literature review of the anti- strong-arm and anti-harassment measuresIn Australia, the workplaces identify bullying by the triplet criteria mentioned in most of the anti-bullying, anti-harassment and anti- discrimination policies (Comcare,2010 NT WorkSafe, 2012 SafeWork South Australia, 2010 WorkCover NSW, 2009 Workplace Health and guard duty Queensland, 2004 WorkSafe Victoria, 2009 WorkSafe Western Australia, 2010). The criteria are, they are repeated rather than singular, unreasonable and pose a risk to cause health and safety issues. Bullying and harassment not only have an effect on the health of the individuals being bullied (Einarsen et al, 2011) solely also have significant financial implications on the presidential terms that do not take measures to prevent them (Australian Productivity Commission, 2010 Einarsen et al, 2011). Therefore preventing bullying/harassment by providing safe work environment in order to avoid psychological impact on the workers health are the organisations responsibility (Lyon Livermore, 2007).There is considerable literature around the causes of the work place aggression/bullying which are placed into three classes essential and external factors and their interaction. For example, internal influences are related to the personality or the severity of illness of the patients whereas external influences focus on factors like famine of staff or noisy stressful work environment. The interactional barbel acknowledges the interplay of the internal and external factors in triggering maintaining and exacerbation workplace aggression which is manifested by means of harassment or bullying of the staff.The workplace should not tolerate harassment, bullying or discriminative behaviour of any kind, whether it is by the man agers, staff, contractors, advisors or others associated with the organisation in the course of its operations. All staff should be informed and instruct at the time of employment, the organisations stance on harassment, bullying and discrimination. Increased sentiency will persuade staff to have zero tolerance for bullying and will encourage workers to combat it either by refusing to take part in it or by not keeping silent and report the incident on time. Furthermore early hindrance is important. Regular workplace surveys and informal and formal discussions with the workers will protagonist secure early intervention (Moore, lynch Smith, 2006).Workplace bullying and harassment in the health firmament affects not only the professional but also the personal lives of the staff. They have an impact on the patients they care for and on the organisations reputations and the fiscal health. For example it was perspicuous from one of the studies that nurses feel slight safe at work in the main because of their colleagues bullying and harassment than from the patients or their relatives. Poor staff relations and electronegative organisational environments were identified as the main reasons for the workplace bullying (Farrell Shafiei, 2012). Hence lordly organisational environments including support from the supervisors, managers and colleagues can help buffer the negative influences of the workplace bullying and harassment as well as enhancing the staffs cognizance to cope with the situation when it arises (Parzefall Salin, 2010). Moreover where on that point is support from the colleagues and the managers, and where training and instruction to deal with the workplace bullying is available to the staff, it is observed that these can help buffer some of the negative health consequences of the bullying and violence (Schat Kelloway, 2003).In order to reduce the incidence of bullying in the public health organisations in Australia, research suggests that the focus should be on four areas of the hatful management practices which include the quality and frequency of the performance feedback, level of confirmatory leadership, building an engaging work team environment and establishing managers have duty for people management (Cotton et al, 2008).These four areas of people management practices can be achieved by taking a proactive approach to bullying by dint of promoting a positive workplace culture, senior management commitment, developing a bullying policy and related procedures, communication and consultation, monitoring of the work climate by surveys and other methods and informing training and instructing the employees (Comcare, 2010)In the health religious service organisations, management and staff are equally responsible to prevent the bullying and harassment at the workplace. Management has the responsibility to monitor the working environment to ensure that acceptable standards of conduct are observed at all times, mode l appropriate behaviour themselves, promote organisations anti-harassment policy within their work area, treat all complaints seriously and take immediate action to suss out and resolve the matter. Staff has the responsibility to comply with the organisations anti-harassment policy, offer support to anyone who is harass and advise them where they can get help and advice, maintain complete confidentiality during the probe of a harassment complaint, report bullying, harassment and offensive behaviour, even if not involved, to management. Over the prehistorical few years Victoria State has strictly implemented a number of anti-harassment and anti-bullying initiatives in their public health governance including workplace redesign, provision of personal duress alarms, employment of specially educate security staff and so forth. However their translation to practice is leftover to individual health organisations as a lead of which they were rarely followed up to know if the above initiatives were successful. This lack of evaluation measures reflects the situation that is prevalent across the Australia in respect to workplace bullying, where there is no acceptd home(a) approach and little in the way of the systematic program approximation (Farrell Cubit, 2005).ConclusionThere was some concerns in the past that the anti- bullying handicap measures mentioned in the literature and the polices adopted by the health service organisations were not in tandem with each other as a result of which the go failed to prevent and intervene in bullying. However recent studies has provided severalise that not only the Australian health care organisations are starting signal to make active efforts to prevent harassment and bullying, but also their efforts agree fairly with the recommendations emanating from the research world. Furthermore the Human Resources departments in the health care organisations seem to recognise the importance of dealing with the bullying an d hence go beyond just formulating the policies or training the staff. The active involvement of the Human Resource personnel also negates the popular belief in the past that it is the role of the managers and the immediate supervisors and not the HR department to intervene in preventing the bullying at the workplace. There is a need to implement the HR practices like attitude and training surveys, formal appraisal discussions and performance based pay etc. in the health care organisations.The other cardinal factor that needs to be changed in the health care organisations is that the anti- bullying action is rather undertaken for the problems reported and not as a snag measure. In other words many health organisations adopt anti-bullying measures as part of a reactive rather than a proactive strategy. in addition there is an urgent need to recognise that the anti-bullying polices in the health services should be framed based on the needs and requirements of the local organisation and not copy pasting from other sources or merely imitating other organisations. Thus, a policy that does not address the local organisation needs is less likely to be adapted, less likely to be implemented and less likely to be applied when the bullying actually occurs. Furthermore, it is observed that there is severe lack of evaluations and surveys to identify the effectiveness of the currently practised anti-bullying measures in the health organisations.As health services are becoming progressively complex in terms of staff, resources, communications and so forth, they should have wanton expectations regarding the transparency of the employers interpersonal interactions to avoid the occurrence of the complex or troublesome interpersonal dynamics. The health organisations should take all complaints of harassment, bullying and/or discrimination seriously and deal with them promptly in a relish of compassion and justice. They should ensure that the privacy is maintained and the complainants and witnesses are not wrong in any way either by the management or the employees.ReferencesAustralian Productivity Commission 2010, Performance benchmarking of Australian business code Occupational health and safety, Canberra, viewed 25 March 2014, http//www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96163/ohs-report.pdf.Comcare. 2010. Preventing and managing bullying at work A ply for employers (OHS65), Canberra, viewed 25 March 2014, http//www.comcare.gov.au/forms__and__publications/publications/safety_and_prevention/?a=40108Cotton P, stag P, Palmer R, Armstrong K, Schembri C 2008, Working well An organisational approach to preventing psychological injury, a guide for corporate, HR and OHS managers. Comcare, Viewed 25 March 2014, http//www.comcare.gov.au/forms__and__publications/publications/safety_and_prevention/?a=41369Einarsen S, Hoel H, Zapf D, Cooper CL 2011, Bullying and harassment in the workplace Development in theory, research and practice, second edn, CRC Pre ss, Boca Raton, FL.Farrell G Cubit K 2005, Nurses under threat a comparison of core of 28 aggression management programs. International diary of Mental Health Nursing, vol.14 no.1, pp. 4453.Farrell GA Shafiei T 2012, Workplace aggression, including bullying in nurse and midwifery A descriptive survey (the SWAB study), International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 49, pp.14231431.Lyon G Livermore G 2007, The regulation of workplace bullying, Melbourne WorkSafe Victoria.Moore MO, Lynch J, Smith M 2006, The way forward, Proceedings from the 5th internationalist conference on bullying and harassment in the workplace, Trinity College, Dublin, pp. 129131.NT WorkSafe 2012, bar of bullying at work Employers, Darwin, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.worksafe.nt.gov.au/Bulletins/Bulletins/15.01.12.pdf.Parzefall MR Salin DM 2010, Perceptions of and reactions to workplace bullying a social exchange perspective, Human Relations, vol.63, no.6, pp.761780.SafeWork South Australia 2010, P reventing workplace bullying A practical guide for employers, (0095), Adelaide, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.stopbullyingsa.com.au/documents/bullying_employers.pdf.Schat AC Kelloway EK 2003, Reducing the adverse consequences of workplace aggression and violence the buffering effects of organisational support, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, vol.8, no.2, pp.110122.WorkCover NSW 2009, Preventing and responding to bullying at work, (WC02054), Sydney WorkCover Authority of NSW, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/formspublications/publications/Documents/bullying_at_work_2054.pdf.Workplace Health and Safety Queensland 2004, Prevention of workplace harassment computer code of practice 2004, (PN11183), Brisbane, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/resources/pdfs/prevention-workplace-harassment-cop-2004.pdf.WorkSafe Victoria 2009, Preventing and responding to bullying at work, Melbourne, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.worksafe.vic.gov .au/wps/wcm/connect/f61387004071f2b98ca4dee1fb554c40/WSV585_05_04.10WEBsmall.pdf?MOD=AJPERES.WorkSafe Western Australia 2010, Code of practice Violence, aggression and bullying at work, Perth, viewed 26 March 2014, http//www.commerce.wa.gov.au/WorkSafe/PDF/Codes_of_Practice/Code_violence.pdf.

Cognitive Network Security

cognitive Network aegisIntroductionThe rapid development of various conversation and wireless technologies had guide to ultimate spectrum insufficiency. This may cause a vast spectrum extinction thereby non allowing new wireless services to be instal conduct. To overcome this bang-up spectrum disaster and to optimally use the underutilized bars, a new technology so called cognitiveradio evolved. This technology scampers the softw atomic number 18 programs thereby helps cognitive user to look for spectrum holes, hustle the best among them, work jointly in coordination with other users and do not disturb the owner of spectrum on arrival1.The members do stay connected in an ad-hoc manner and there is no guaranteed network architecture. This makes the privacy issues more obscure than in conventional wireless devices. 2. The medium of transport is free air, each adulteration of info elicit be done with turn up much creation noticed by the sufferer and at the worst case, the information signboards are even jammed. Establishing security in these networks is a risky task because of its irreproducible quality. 4 The innate temperament of it has made it an open play ground for attackers. there are four storeys in a cognitive network out of which Physical layer is the lowermost layer and various attacks are practicable here .The main focus is on attacks in these layers since it is the common layer and has same compatibility with all other devices. The rapid development of technology has led to a new attack so called primitive user rivalry Attack wherein the imitation of spiteful user as a primal transmitter occurs to deceive the petty(a) users and gain access over the vacuous space.Better liveing of the Cognitive network is affected to a great extent if this Primary User Emulation Attack is severe.3Earlier systems and the most ill-bred are cyclostationary and the energy detective work ones 11. The kickoff proficiency is based on the fact tha t the signals from unproblematic users are periodic and do have well- assembleed cyclostationarity property. The second method involves comparison of energy level of the signal with a preset threshold. 10.These methods are already bypassed owing to the rapid growth of technology. It green goddess be done either by impersonating the primary transmitted signal or high power signal to confuse the energy sensing element 9.Thus to avoid the problem of PUEA, we need a trustable method to mince the arrival of primary user .One such method is verification of authorise user by means of biased reaction signalling6. The other technique involves LocDef , where we use localization technique by non interactive technique 7. We lowlife also use Public encryption systems thereby ensuring the trustworthy communication5. Primary user has a closely placed accomplice node which plays the design of a bridge thereby enabling of the verification of the primary users signals using cryptographic s ignatures and authentic link signatures.8.There are hired hand off techniques meant for secret communication of sharing session keys between the client and the router 12.We do chalk up the pit for authentication in a unbiased mien so as no to interfere with the primary pass recipient but still maintain authenticity with the cognitive user. We can add this tag in parity scraps of the codeword or in the modulation organization .13.But to make this signature implantding accurate, fallacy control codes like convolutional codes, turbo codes or alamauti codes can be used. .A convolutional encoder is a linear predetermined-state device with n algebraic function generators and K stage shift register. The binary input data, is shifted as b bits at a time along the registers. Decoding can be done by either sequential decoding, maximum likelihood or feedback decoding15. In case of turbo codes, two RSC elementary codes are in a parallel organization. Maximum A Posteriori algorithm i s used for decoding it in iterative process16.In a highly noisy environments single error control codes do not have high coding gain. In order to improve this concatenated codes are preferred.14 Hence to cope up with the FCC regulations, we proposed a method in which the authentication tag is plant onto the data signal by the helper node afterward encoding and the comparative study of which concatenated codes take to heart the best to reduce the bit error rate has been discussed.II. PROPOSED METHOD2.1)HASH algorithmProcedureMessage is Padded in such a way that the length of centre married persones to 896 modulo 1024 . In certain cases ,the length may match yet the padding becomes additional. We do add a binary bit 1 followed by binary 0s to make the desired length. Depending upon the actual gist size, we may have n number of bits aggrandize where n=1 to 1024.We do seize on that the message after padding is an unsigned whole number of 128 bits and output of earlier two steps is a 1024 bit integer in order to calculate the length of message. Eight registers each of strength to hold 64 bits (p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w) are needed to grasp the 512 bit results momently .This 512 bit output is carried over as an input to the consecutive stages. For the first stage, the previously stored transitional hash output is taken. On processing the padded message of 1024 bits, we get 64 bit as input per round. So to maintain the security and avoid repetitions, we do use a unbroken to point to the round number out of 80.After completion of 80 rounds, the last-place stage result is fed back to the first block until the message gets over. Thus we need (Oi-1) to produce Oi where I is the stage number.2.2)METHOD OF EMBEDDINGWe assume that the primary transmitter and the helper node share almost the same geologic location and the helper node has a secret communication with the secondary users there. The primary transmitter on arrival generally transmits a data signal to i ts intended primary receiver. Since the primary transmitter has the highest priority and in no way it should be interfered we use the helper node to embed this security tag. The primary transmitter encodes the data sequence, modulates and transmits the signal. The data sequence after encoding is modulated and beingness transmitted by the primary transmitter. The helper node here repeats the signal and the hashed output is being embedded by it .Here the embedding is done in such a way that the tag to data ratio is comparatively low. Encode the data sequence to form N code words and each codeword contains p bits. We get an authentication tag by splitting the hash function output obtained earlier into p bit blocks. The tag thus obtained is substituted in the place of first p bits of the total N code words obtained. We do obey the regulations as per FCC since this tag embedding task is solely performed by the helper node. At the receiver end the authentication tag is retrieved and chec ked for authenticity. This tag verification is being done by the Cognitive Radio user upon reception since we did assume that the key for hash had been exchanged privately earlier. If verification is successful, the task is hang and secondary user looks for any new white space.BLOCK plotRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONBER VALUES FOR CONVOLUTIONAL CODESBER VALUES FOR TURBO CONVOLUTIONAL CODESBER VALUES FOR CONVOLUTIONAL-ALAMOUTI CODESBER VALUES FOR TURBO-ALAMOUTI CODESREFERENCESO. Len ,Hernndez-Serrano, J.,Soriano, M.,. Securingcognitiveradionetworks, International Journal of Communication Systems,23 633-652. May 2010Parvin, S.,Han, S.,Tian, B.,Hussain, F.K, Trust-based authentication for secure communication inCognitiveRadioNetworks,International concourse on Embedded and Ubiquitous computing, Hong Kong China,pp. 589-596. December 2010.Zhang, C.,Yu, R.,Zhang, Y., mathematical process analysis of Primary User Emulation Attack inCognitiveRadionetworks,International Wireless communications and smooth Computing Conference,pp.371-376. August 2012.Parvin, S.,Hussain, F.K.,Hussain, O.K.,Han, S.,Tian, B.,Chang, E., Cognitiveradionetworksecurity A survey ,Journal of Network and information processing system Applications, 35 1691-1708. November 2012.Parvin, S.,Hussain, F.K.,Hussain, O.K, Digital signature-basedauthenticationframework incognitiveradionetworks, International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia,pp.136-142. December 2012.Kumar, V.,Park, J.M.,Kim, J.,Aziz, A., Physical layerauthenticationusing controlled inter symbol interference, International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks,pp. 286. October 2012.Ruiliang Chen, Jung-Min Park, and Jeffrey H. Reed,Defense against Primary User Emulation Attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks,IEEE transactions on Selected areas in communication,2625-37. January 2008.Tingting Jiang., Huacheng Zeng., Qiben Yan., Wenjing Lou.,Thomas Hou,Y, On the Limitation of Embedding cryptanalytic Signature for Pr imary Transmitter hallmark, IEEE transactions on Wireless communication letters,1324-327. August 2012.Chen,R.,Park,J.,Reed,J.H, Defense against primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks, IEEE transactions on Selected Areas in Communications, 262537. 2008.Liu,Y.,Ning,P., Dai,H, Authenticating primary users signals in cognitive radio networks via merged cryptographic radio networks via integrated cryptographic and wireless link signatures,IEEE Symp. on certificate and Privacy, pp. 286301. 2010.Kim,H.,Shin,K.G, In-band spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks energy detection or feature detection? ,ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp.14-25. 2008.He, Y.,Xu, L.,Wu, W., A local joint fast handoff scheme incognitivewireless mesh networks , IEEE transactions on Security and Communication Networks, 7455-465. February 2014.Xi Tan., Kapil Borle., Wenliang Du., Biao Chen, Cryptographic Link Signatures for Spectrum Usage Authentication in Co gnitive Radio, ACM conference on Wireless network security,pp.79-90.2011.Avila, J.,Thenmozhi, K, DWT highlighted concatenated multi band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM)-upgraded enactment, International Journal of Engineering and Technology,52155-2162. June 2013.Andrew J. Viterbi, Convolutional Codes and Their motion in Communication Systems , IEEE transactions on Communication Technology,19751-772. October 1971.Claude Berrou., Alain Glavieux ,Near optimum error correcting coding and decoding-turbo codes,IEEE Transactions on communications,441261-1271. October 1996Wang,X.,Wu,Y.,Caron,B, Transmitter identification using embedded pseudo random sequences, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,3244-252. September 2004.Danev,B.,Luecken,H.,Capkun,Z.,Defrawy,K.E,Attacks on physical-layer identification,ACM Conference on Wireless Network Security,pp.89-97. 2010.Proakis,J.G., Salehi,M, Digital Communications.New York, McGraw-Hill, pp. 192, 434, 472-474. 2007.Chen,Z.,Cooklev ,T.,Chen,C., Pomalaza-Raez,C, Modeling Primary User Emulation Attacks and Defences in Cognitive Radio Networks, International Performance Computing and Communications Conference,pp.208-215. 2009.

BP Global: Future Strategy Sustainability

BP orbicular Future Strategy SustainabilityBritish Petroleum (BP) is the innovations iodin of the tumidst and leading vegetable cover harvest-home manufactures. It has headquarters in detonating deviceital of the United Kingdom. It operates from 29 countries. Though it has faced pencil eraser and environmental controversies in the history of its operations it could overcome all in all ostracise images through a concrete focus and consistent efforts towards sustainable increments.BP operates end-to-end the world in locations, terrains and climates that are tremendously diverse and frequently challenging. However, BP aims to disparage its environmental impact by taking a systematic and check come on to operations, utilize sophisticated put on the line assessment techniques that directly intercommunicate its wrinkle plans. Therefore, BP is incorporating its environmental lovement systems into the group-wide operating circumspection system that helps BP to hatful p riorities for operations based on assessment of the key risks, including those related to environmental and social performance.BP be deceptionves this integration impart promote greater efficiency and union across the avocation. It has formulated a set procedure to conduct, at least(prenominal) annually, a formal process to identify and assess risks and emerging issues, including environmental and social issues. Main aim of BP is to manage environmental and social risk during every phase of its operations viz. launching new-fashioned projects, carrying proscribed day-to-day operations and bringing a project to a close.BP strives to derogate the impact on the environment by identifying risks during the project set-up and using engineering science to constrict or remedy any impacts. The firm is locateing in a broad portfolio of alternative strength businesses and RD, while advocating a nose raisedy toll and public funding to support such new technologies. The firms gr eenhouse gas efficiency achievements post be vulnerable to a prison-breaking towards un conventional fossil fuels. Climate change lay downs both threats to BP through commercialize changing technologies, and opportunities, such as increasing natural gas gross revenue at the expense of coal. BP partly manages these risks by applying an internal one C price to new projects and through its policy influence. Through its c inclination of an orbit expertness investments BP is hedgerow over against dramatic changes to the worlds energy mix.In this assignment, we throw taken up the bps sustainability report of 2009 and studied its activities enabling it to achieve sustainable growth. We as well as assessed its capabilities, topical position and forecast its coming(prenominal) sustainable growth.British Petroleum special(a) (BP) IntroductionWebsite http//www.bp.comLocation of Headquarters 1 St. Jamess Sq., London, SW1Y 4PD, United Kingdom celestial sphere Industry Basic Mate rials EnergyNature of affairOil indwelling Gas BusinessWind Solar Energy BusinessBio-fuel BusinessEnergy Security Energy Diversity BusinessTechnology confederationProductsBP petroleum and derived harvest-feastsBP service postAir BP Aviation fuelsCastrol motor oilARCO gas stationsam/pm convenience storesAral service stations solar panelsHistorical BackgroundBP (NYSEBP) is one of the worlds largest oil and gas companies in terms of production capacity. In 2009, the companys exploration and production segment produced virtually 2.53 million barrels of oil per day as well as 8.48 million cubic feet of natural gas per day while the companys wear throughput averaged 2.28 million barrels/day. BP expands its production capacity through improved beguiler equipment and technology as well as expansions into other countries. As of April 2009, bps operates in 29 countries including Mexico, Russia, Algeria, and many others in the Middle East and Africa. epoch bits per second glo bular reach gives the company an ability to access untapped reserves, many of its operations are exposed to political risk in those countries. In particular, bps Russian operations faced signifi sighttly managerial problems in 2008, just now these tensions eased in January 2010 with the appointment of Maxim Barsk to CEO.BP has been abstruse in a number of environmental, asylum and political controversies during its history, including the 1965 Sea jewel incident and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Its primary listing is on the London Stock Exchange and it is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a impressionly listing on the New York Stock Exchange.BP on the SustainabilityBefore we look to BPs position in emerging, let us first corroborate look in to its present position and future plans for protection of environment, consignment to society and efforts towards economical growth and sustainable development.PresentBP operates responsibly with better corporate gove rnance and management systems.BP strives to deliver secure and affordable energy while addressing the global issues and climate change.Efforts are made to develop large scale business towards the production of alternative energy sources with low nose candy emissions.BP has given utmost importance to safety reliability of operations. merely the accidents and fatalities take on not been on reducing trend, which can contain a major(ip) impact on it sustainable growth.BP focused on low coke or green house gas emissions, biofuels, and operations that can unleash fewer pollutants.People Management There is clear focus on learn development of the workforce and reward and recognition system but in that respect is no clear test of integration of people development with its diversified business requirements. federation Initiatives BP has made efforts to build a steady mutually beneficial relation with society wherein they work.Future PlansIn BPs business strategies especially for the sustainable growth, there are many ship canal forward, but certain parameters are clear. The response must be shuffled, global and balanced in terms of social, economic and environmental solutions.BP plans to focus on major public policy issues such as climate change, environmental protection and human right-hand(a)s.The future plan is to show that everything that is through with(p), and every product and service that are provided, is delivered in an environmentally and socially hygienic manner. The gainsay is to adapt, to become more sensitive to the wider world with change in environment.The future plan primarily boils down to the environmental protection and economy growth.BP postulate to integrate its future strategies in all its business units to bring the transparentness for verification against a common factor on a case-by-case platform.There is a clear focus on developing esteem leaders in future with strong HR strategies. The focus is more on integrating the HR policies across its operations to improve the skills and association of the people. IT must also help BP to develop future leaders who can be visionary to achieve sustainable growth.Even though future plans of BP cl beforehand(predicate) focus on economy development, workforce development and environmental excellence but the community development appears to be in the belong bench of the agenda as the concrete evidence of plans to reach human body 4 or 5 of the sustainability model is not available with look on to community development.BP TodayToday BP displaying the following characteristicsSystemic plan to integrate human resource functions to reduce cost/increase efficiency point on value add training/development opportunities i.e. waste reduction, lean principlesUndertakes community projects where cost-benefit can be exemplified.BP The Good DaysBy the early 1990s, a newly envisioned BP appeared to be adopting a strategic approach (Phase 5) towards sustainability. Like it s competitor Shell, BP too strategically placed itself to move beyond petroleum. It committed itself in inventing alternative energy sources and technologies. It also committed itself to the Kyoto Protocols and greenhouse gas emissions. BP also ventured into social and community sustainability efforts, working towards enhancing the efforts in the various(prenominal) local communities.These efforts were incorporated to its corporate strategy as part of quintuplet broad spectrum of business policy ethical conduct, employees, relationships, health, safety, and environmental performance, control and finance. BPs vision was to market itself as the greenest fossil fuel producer in the industry Their beyond Petroleum won two PR week campaign of the year awards and the gold Effie from the American Marketing Association. Ogilvy, the firm buns the slogan ironically still boasts of Beyond Petroleum as a successful case study in its website.BP CSR DisasterUnfortunately for BP, the guarded ly marketed CSR plan went awry with the gulf oil spill. The oil spill taught the world rather brutally, that the heart of the relationship between BP and society did not lie in honest commitments. Chastened by the Exxon Valdez disaster, BP along with every player in the oil industry became rather religious on CSR initiatives.CSR materially poses a problem in such a mail service in that it muddies the waters. Beyond Petroleum, the marketing campaign was the result of painstakingly long plan outspread over years-but that was all it was, a carefully constructed marketing plan for immaterial stakeholders that suggested CSR was at the heart of BP, but did little to show any evidence of it. BPs isnt out there to lead the green revolution. Their actual business is to make money for its shareholders in BPs case by producing energy, mainly from fossil fuels. Today, not only has their motto come under outdoor(a) pressure, but has also instigated soul-searching within BPs ranks.Todays ma rketplace demands a lot more from corporations to establish long term sustainability. It should begin with a basic principle A successful company must savvy corporate responsibility in all its forms-both internal and external. While BP did an subtle job externally for many years (see Sustainability Portfolio below), it requires much more in-depth self-contemplation from management to get the internal vision re-aligned.Strategies of BPToday BP has a sound platform on which to achieve their commitment to combine growth with the watch of performance and strategies. So the concept of sustainability is already part of business today. only it also demands a deeper, broader, more creative level of engagement than conventional environmentalism.Climate Change, demographic change and poverty are the three major trends that bring in on set the corporate sustainability worldwide The BP has challenge to create a future energy mix that meets three of these objectives sufficiency security and sustainability of the energy. But there are hard political choices involved in agreeing to data track emissions and accepting the implications for energy. The company drives the necessary innovation or deployment of emerging low carbon technologies in the operation.In the drive for efficiency, BP will collaborate with the vehicle manufacturers on advanced engine technology and lubricants and provide better and unspotted transport fuels through less energy intensive processes and increase the energy efficiency of their facilities and equipmentBP was the first energy company to be widely recognised as accepting the obligation to act on climate change. They have invested nearly $4bn in low carbon business since 2005 and commitment to invest $8bn in alternative energy in coming years. BP are creating semipermanent options for the future in new energy technology and low-carbon energy businesses. They will be also enhancing capabilities in natural gas, which is likely to be a vital source of relatively clean energy during the transition to a lower-carbon economy and beyond.BP will utilize the best talent inside and extraneous the company to develop and apply the technology associated with their business challenges. They have the right people in the right places with the right skills. They have developed a new leadership framework and extensive training programmes to build the sea captain skills of employees, BP will focus on operations and fostering a finish of operational excellence and continuous improvement across all their activities. BP is a diverse and inclusive company where everyone can achieve their potential.BP will be able to demonstrate clearly how technology improves performance and improve the safety factor. BP will able to reduce its hydrocarbon emissions to water and hydrocarbon emissions to air, the burning of waste gas, carbon dioxide emissions, emissions of non-greenhouse gases, such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides significantly.. BP will be using its landholdings as a base for solar generation of electricity.BP focus is on four key businesses biofuels, wind, solar and carbon capture and storage. Their goals are no accidents, no harm to people and no vilify to the environment. Company will work to achieve this through consistent management processes, ongoing training programmes, rigorous risk management and a culture of continuous improvement.Community development must be focused on BP as an organic part of CSR rather than initiating just as a compensatory act for the damage caused to public and environment. As a company with extensive operations in developing nations, nigh whose BPs own revenues surpass, it ask to carefully manage aspects such as human rights approach and maintaining ethical business practices. BP would be stick with its commitments towards safety concerns, security, safe operations and accountability in all the locations.BP shall plans to further improve operating and cost efficiency ri ght across the company, from refineries and marketing operations in the downstream to procurement, drilling and project management in the upstream efficiency and reduce costs for profit growth. BP will develop the culture of innovation in all their operations. BP continues to access new business opportunities, with new agreements in other countries.To increase its financial flexibility, BP shall plans to reduce its debt, now about $23 billion, to $10 billion within 18 months. BP has to establish new ways of communication with all stakeholders to improve the steel image and reputation across the globe.BP shall view the corporate governance as a strategy for long run sustainable growth and survival. They should also ensure that board should be structured appropriately to ensure the executing of rules, regulations, ethical, moral principles and obligation in all activities.It is essential to achieve highschool standards in all three elements of the triple bottom line agenda economi c, environmental and social performance. Focusing on any one at the expense of the others is not sustainable.BP shall build competitive advantage by procuring and multiplying resources create abilities over them and developing synergy of resources and capabilities. Core competencies enable BP to formulate strategies and generate strategic action by converting competencies into profitable business activities.Suggested Future strategical Concepts for BPBP should plan to re-conceive its product portfolio and the market it is being catering to till date. pickings a holistic view of the market, BP should mould the goods to cater to the energy needs of the community and not just oil or natural gas. briefly BP defines its productivity by production rate i.e. MT/annum. However, we would suggest that in truth productivity of BP product can happen when the firm follows up its product till its life cycle. It has already started activities in this direction by come in into strategic allian ce with vehicle manufacturers. But it needs to take shape. veridical productivity definition for BP should be Amount of energy converted to actual use by the community per MT of fuel provided by BP. vocalize for example a Diesel Engine operated by Heavy Fuel (a product of BP) operates at about 30 to 35% efficiency. 10,000 Kcal of Energy provided by the oil is converted to just 3500 Kcal of another form of energy which again is not utilized to 100%. Hence BP should redefine productivity so that the benefit is directly transferred to the community. Such activity would be a win-win situation from BP as well as society at large. BPs one of the strategic management thoughts should be to secure its own future competitiveness. addicted the finite life of natural fossil fuel, BP should start its activities in thought process differently on each different use of fuel. Let us take an example of transportation. All vehicles use fossil fuel. Scientists have already come out with hybrid cars , solar cars, compressed air cars, and so forth BP should actually go a big way in developing Anti Gravity Cars. We all see UFOs and Flying Discs, etc. enkindle this earth not produce such vehicles? This is no fancy idea, BOAC have a specific RD drive for such vehicles. They already have achieved some success lifting about 3gm material. Ultimately, we aim at developing competencies by BP in a wider scope of business which would then not get jeopardized payable to depleting finite resources.Improvement in Corporate Governance has to reinstate the cartel in community which has shaken up due to past disasters. The whole step of expansion activities has overshot the governance speed. Here comes the role of strategic leadership. two of the key qualities of an effective leader are to anticipate and envision. BP needs to provide more stress on these two aspects.We are aware that as and when there is a need, the fossil fuel prices are raised and there is no one to question them. BP sho uld analyze in further details as to what extent the suppliers contribute to the competitive dynamics of oil business (this is one of the key pillars of the Porters 5 force model and extremely pertinent one for BP). A simple coordination between the oil rig, VLCC and met department can effectively reduce cost to BP substantially. Many times this is not done because there is no stringent specific target or cap on total cost of product/MT. This effort will not only help BP outperform its competitors, but also can pass on the benefit to the customers for benefit of the community.

Female Sexualization in Magazines

Fe virile versedization in MagazinesOver the past three decades, modern-day wo custodys clips have signifi provoketly increased their familiar circumscribe, offering rough advice ab let on call down and relations rosehips (Kim guard, 2004). The message it sends across is prizing innerly assertive wo workforce. Thus, it gives the readers instructions on hard-hitting ways to attract man forcefulness and to be adapted to fulfill their consume informal desires (Durham, 1996). One particular magazine is universal magazine which is known for be racy, intended for the fun, fearless female(Streitmatter, 2004). Sexual agency and desire is highly get alongd to young wo manpower. Likewise, the stereotypical male intimate role is described as being primarily cozy and out of control. In Cosmopolitan, oftentimes of womens tripual agency and aggressiveness happens deep down the consideration of a relationship (Durham, 1996). Walsh-Childers et al. (2002) commented that in some adult-focused magazines, sex is presented as a fun, casual and risk-free activity. A noticeable lack of strain on versed health, contraceptives and STD pr hithertotion is observed (Kim Ward, 2004).Menard Kleinplatz (2008) comment that in the magazines, although there is a strong emphasis for female readers to be sexually active and be in the service of men (Durham, 1996), they atomic number 18 cautioned not to be too overtly sexual. They atomic number 18 encouraged to dress and interact with men in a way that promotes sexual desir top executive alone argon discouraged from showing desire themselves (Durham 1996, 1998 Garner et al. 1998). These magazines, then, fuck be seen as part of a cultural apparatus that purports to assist women to be heterosexually attractive, to be coy, alluring, sexy, and flirtatious, in order to find true love and to make a man, and then to maintain his interest (Overall, 1999, p. 298). On the other hand, mens sexuality is promoted to be aggress ive, animalistic, insatiable, urgent and intractable (Firminger 2006 Garner et al. 1998 Ward 2003).The concept of colossal sex is depicted in three womens magazines, namely Cosmopolitan, Glamour and Self (Duran Prusank, 1997) as only occurring in the context of an intimate, caring and long-term heterosexual relationship. These magazines teach sexual techniques such(prenominal) as sensual touching, sexual positions, forbidden games, etc. to enhance sexual and tingling intimacy in those relationships. Duran Prusank (1997) as well contend that great sex involves uncontrollable chemical or magical elements while it is ongoing.Menard Kleinplatz (2008) observe that in touristed adult-focused magazines the subject of sexual techniques was predominant. In every issue, a immense variety of information well-nigh new and exciting sexual techniques or on improvements that can be made to old familiar ones in order to achieve great sex is available. Readers are provided with information o n how to kiss, touch, perform oral or manual sex and several culmination-inducing sexual intercourse positions.Sexualities of men and women have been compared in contemporary magazines. Discourses have punctuate that male sexuality is driven by a strong biological need for coital sex, and have identified this as the male sexual drive (Weeks, 1986 Hollway, 1989). As opposed to female sexuality, male sexuality is emphasized with sexual prowess and prime importance is given to the genus Phallus, erection and orgasm (Kilmartin, 1999 Tiefer, 1995). On the other hand, female sexuality has been characterized as passive, responsive to the inescapably of their male quislings sexual needs and associated with reproduction. Although their sexual needs come from the homogeneous biological drive, women are less easily aroused than men and are more emotional during sex (Jackson, 1984).Farvid Braun (2006) conclude that contemporary adult-focused magazines are obsessed with male sexuality. I t was a central focus in accounts of female sexuality which is mostly oriented toward the fulfillment of mens sexual pleasure. The magazines depicted men in contradictory positions one, as the set of womens desires and the other, as a source of much stress, anxiety and even trauma for women (Farvid Braun, 2006). This positions men as having much power over women because of the great emotions they elicit in a wide spectrum. When womens magazines invite male authorities to offer their insights and experiences to the women readers, it becomes a portal for women to understand men better. manpowers perspectives help women by guiding them on how to behave, dress and lock up in sexual practices in accordance to how men prefer. In a significant way, it guides women to understand their male partners better and learn ways to entertain them.Mass medias dominant representation of women is that they exist for mens satisfaction of their sexual fantasies (Wood, 1994). Cleo and Cosmopolitan m agazines encourage women to be as sexual as they can be, making them available to satisfy mens sexual fantasies and desires. Although being able to provide sexual satisfaction for men may be a source of pleasure and power for women, it similarly reflects that women are reliant on men for their own self-image and power (Machin Thornborrow, 2003). Thus, repeatedly reading articles on how to give pleasure to men may promote womens insecure sexuality (Farvid Braun, 2006).The message of contemporary womens magazine is that society may condone mens inappropriate sexual behaviour. The stronger sexual drive of men have made them conclude that the penis is extrinsic to the self (Kilmartin, 1999, p.180) and can have a mind of its own (Hollway, 1989). Shifting the responsibility of certain sexual indiscretions such as infidelity or cheating on their spouses/partners on the penis makes it an unfair and modify justification. Potts (2001) commented that such distinction of the penis as the culprit constitutes a hegemonic manlike subjectivity where men tend to distance themselves from the sexual behaviours of their bodies and thus they may also exonerate themselves from responsibility in sexual matters (p.154), including inappropriate, risky, or even overbearing sexual practices.Sex is promoted as a way to keep a man interested in a woman enough to bide in a relationship. Farvid Braun (2006) observe in Cleo and Cosmopolitan magazines that the ability of some women to provide great sex to men is essential in fulfilling not only mens sexual needs and womens relational needs as well. Cleo magazine advocates women to leave an postage where it counts in bed. It contends that men love women who are not only superb in bed but enjoy it too, and it leaves men craving for more. A memorable sexual performance of a woman is depicted as more important than her personality in terms of keeping a man interested.Another message that comes across is that while men can enjoy sex a nytime they want, women need to work on sex in competing with other women their men have had sex with or with strength sex partners. This implies that although great sex can be a deterrent against infidelity, it also means that since men have strong sexual drives, that they are potential cheaters (Farvid Braun, 2006). That is why women should gain expertise in the sexual pleasing of their men so that they will not find a need to trudge.On the other hand, women are not characterized as having strong sex drives and if they cheat, it is pictured in more severe ways, within more flourish and damaging scenarios. Womens infidelity is more condemnable and less forgivable than mens infidelity. Blame is assigned to the woman and is not presumable caused by sexual or relational shortcomings of the partner she cheated. Another sexuality difference in infidelity is that women are seen as victims of their male partners cheating, but men are seen as seekers of revenge for being cheated on by a female partner (Farvid Braun, 2006). Cheating is alleviate considered always wrong despite the seemingly loose morals propagated in the magazines and monogamous heterosexual relationships are promoted as central to the identity and eudaemonia of women (Farvid Braun, 2006).Increased Sexualization in Popular Modern Music GenresHeavy coat medicament, described as the overtly violent and sexually explicit segments of stone and roll practice of medicine (Lynxwiler, 1988) earned the wrath of Parents Music Resource marrow squash (PMRC) and targeted a media campaign against it (Gore, 1987). The organization portrayed heavy metal euphony as dangerous to young minds because it emphasized the use of drugs, encouraged insipid sex, endorsed sexist/ pornog buffethic values, instrumental in delivering occult messages and caused violent, lawless fashion (Markson, 1990). Such claims created much controversy that it received national attention when congressional hearings were held t o determine if indeed heavy metal albums and other forms of popular music must be evaluated for their influence in proliferation of porn-rock in the United States (Gray, 1989). The hearings did not produce great changes however, more and more organizations concerned with child victims such as conservative parental, religious and feminist groups pushed for the regulation of heavy metal music (Bayles, 1994). Still others began their own uprising against rap music (Binder, 1993).Jones (1997) claims, that as a matter of definition, rap and hip-hop music are frequently used interchangeably. However, Powell (1991) defined hip-hop as the beat of the music and rap as the narrative representation, the talking over the beat. Hence, the use of explicit military force and sexual lyrics may be blamed down to rap. Powell (1991) described commercialized rap as hip hop or dance rap. hard-core rap, or gangster rap is the one that raises much controversy.Researchers have suggested that hip hop an d rap music, rooted in Black culture can be tools through which Black youth may negotiate their identities to snap off an authentic Black identity (Clay, 2003). They see the music as wistful of their lives and to assert that music relates to empowerment, cultural connection and positive identity emergence (Sullivan, 2003 Berry, 1994). Critics of hip hop and rap, however, have argued that Black youth may be very susceptible to the influences of hip hop role models who promise money, power and status to men who show disrespect for women (Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter, 2006). Mahiri and Conners (2003) ethnographic necessitate of African American middle school students manifested resistance in the negative images emanating from rap and hiphop. This study suggested the use of rap and hiphop images related to social and gender roles as a point of reference from which participants could verbally evaluate, compare and job their own beliefs and attitudes. Adolescents in the study of Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter (2006) believed that certain women can be terrible and may choose to be abused, and that abusive men may be products of their environment. Still, they showed dissatisfaction with the representations of Black men and women in hip hop. Their criticisms revolved around womens individual behavior and style and how outsiders might stereotype Black men as thugs for emulating hiphop fashion. Such perceptions of gender roles based on hiphop seemed to extend to the participants evaluations of womens and mens responsibility and choices with regards to real world sexual hostility and ferocity (Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter, 2006)The problematic aspects of rap music is usually focused on its most acrimonious strain which is gangsta rap. Narratives in such strain are extremely troubling in their glamorization of violence,, materialism, misogyny and sexual wickedness (Mahiri Conner, 2003). However, Dyson (1996) argued that the vulgarity expressed in gangsta rap are strongly conjugated to dominate cultural constructions of the other and market-driven strategies for rampant economic and human exploitation. Therefore, Dyson noted, the reach about gangsta rap should be situated in a much broader critique of how these narratives essentially mirror ancient stereotypes of Black identity and sexual proclivity throughthe societys circulation of brutal images of black men as sexual outlaws and black females as hos (1996, p. 178)Feminists argue that popular media contributes to coerciveness and sexual assault toward women as seen by the dominant presence of violence against women in all forms of media (Linz Malamuth, 1993). Adolescents have been resorting to popular entertainment for information about sex, drugs, alcohol and violence (Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999). Their preference for the more popular and accessible music videos has provides them with such information. Analysis of Music Television (MTV) has shown that men appeare d nearly in two ways as often as women and engaged in significantly more aggressive, dominant behavior and women were shown as engaging in more implicitly sexual and subservient behavior. They were depicted to be frequent objects of explicit, implicit and aggressive advances by men (Sommers-Flanagan, Sommers-Flanagan, Davis, 1993). It is usual for women in these videos to be used as decorative objects, and only a few videos show men and women are treated equally (Vincent, Davis Boruszkowski, 1987). One study of media and sexuality revealed that exposure to MTV among college females was the most powerful predictor of sexual permissiveness (Strouse Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1987). Likewise, in video games, a more sexist orientation and graphic violence against women is getting prevalent. Overall, content in various media such as television, video games, music videos communicates that women are to be objectified, sexualized, dominated, assaulted and even killed (Bretthauer, Zimmerman Bann ing, 2006).