How Far Do Sociologists Agree That Education Benefits the Ruling Class Essay Example for Free

How Far Do Sociologists Agree That Education Benefits the Ruling Class Essay The debate outlined above suggests that some sociologists believe that education benefits the ruling class, however other sociologists may argue that education benefits everyone or just men. To address this issue I will be looking at both sides of the argument and I will assess to what extent sociologists agree that education benefits the ruling class. Some sociologists; such as Marxist agree with the statement above that education benefits the ruling class. One reason for this is that they believe that education brings about social class reproduction, to benefit them. This means that rich can afford to go to big successful private schools, and then go onto having successful jobs, whereas the poor will continue being poor, as they cannot afford to go to private schools and therefore will not achieve the same grades as the ruling class and will not get as well paid jobs. They believe that the working class do not achieve in education because of their material deprivation and cultural deprivation meaning that the working class will not achieve as much as the ruling class, as they cannot afford to buy books, tutors or equipment like the ruling class can. Another reason Marxists agree with this statement is because they believe that through education the wealthy learn to rule, and the working class learn to be ruled. They believe that there is a hidden curriculum where the working class learn respect, authority, punctuality and hard work. This will then prepare them to be obedient workers for the ruling class, who will then exploit them to make a profit. Furthermore, Marxists believe that education transmits ideology; this means it puts the working class in a false consciousness this means that the working class cannot see that education therefore they do not start to revolve, and do anything about it. According to Marxists meritocracy is just a myth, and education is not fair as it favours the wealthy. On the other hand, other sociologists such as functionalists disagree that education benefits the ruling class. According to the functionalism education benefits the whole of society. They believe that the main purpose of education is secondary socialisation; this is where pupils learn important norms and values e.g. respect, manners, punctuality, and hard work. They learn this through social control and sanctions; these sanctions could be punishments, rewards, formal or informal. Functionalists believe that education helps maintain order in society, and without order there would be chaos (anomie). They also believe that education provides a sense of national identity, like being a British citizen. Another reason that functionalists disagree with the statement is because they believe that education performs occupational role allocation, this is where pupils will get a job according to their talents or skills therefore the most talented or most skilled will get the highest paid jobs. Functionalists believe that education provides the institution of work with skilled workers; this is the idea of organic analogy, where each institution is society work together to benefit one another. Functionalists claim that education is a meritocracy and that education is fair and based on equality of opportunity. They also believe that education provides an opportunity of social mobility, where the working class can move up the social class system if they work hard enough. Another function of education is that it provides child minding, therefore when the child is at school it allows both parents to work and earn money. Another view this is the feminists view, they disagree that education benefits the ruling class, however they believe that education benefits men. They claim that the role of education is to benefit males, to maintain a patriarchal society, where men dominate society. They do this by socialising students into traditional gender roles, where the females learn to be a housewife and the males learn to be the breadwinner. This is achieved through subject choice, and career advice, these are often based on stereotypes. For example, males will learn engineering at school, whereas females will not more domestic subjects such as cooking and sewing. However, this view may not be as relevant today as since the 1980s girls have been achieving better at all levels, which suggests that society is now less patriarchal and girls now have more opportunities. After assessing both sides of the argument, it is evident that education does benefit both the ruling class, and the working class. I think this because although education doesn’t benefit the working class as much, it does teach them important morals such as not to steal etc., I also believe that the education does benefit the ruling class, as it teaches them skills for the future, however I feel as though education is no long patriarchal as girls are achieving better then boys. Overall, I have come to the conclusion that education benefits everyone, some maybe not so much, but I believe everyone gains from education whether it is skills to work, or morals.

Three Strike Laws Essay -- Law Laws Argumentative Persuasive papers

Three Strike Laws Mandatory minimums and three strike laws, are they really the answer to the crime problem America has faced for years? Many would say yes, including me, as long as it is for a violent crime such as murder, rape or arson; some feel that even theft, drug trafficking or possession, and burglary are all worthy of the 25-to-life sentence that can be carried under the mandatory minimums for three strike laws. A three-strike law is a law that states that you will be sentenced to 25years to life for three violations and convictions of a law. Where the three strike laws have mandatory sentences, mandatory sentences aren’t always tied in with three strike laws. A mandatory minimum is a law that requires someone serve a predetermined amount of time in prison for specific offenses and the only way to have it reduced is by assisting the authorities in further convictions of others. In California a man was sentenced under the three strike laws for theft because he had two prior convictions. This man had been convicted of robbery and attempted robbery; therefore the slice of pizza he stole got him 25 years to life in prison (Lungren Trumpets ‘Three Strikes’ Law). Yes now, in California, you can be sent to prison for life if you take a slice of pizza from someone. Let’s talk about how fair these laws are. Many say that these laws are used to profile African Americans and inner-city minorities primarily by the sentencing difference in rock and powder cocaine. There is a difference in the two forms and how they’re sold. Cocaine can be bought and sold as powder or rocks, also known as crack or crack cocaine. The effects of each are essentially the same. People will get the same effects with powder as w... ...ad, Peter. â€Å"Mandatory Sentences: Putting the Record Straight† Contemporary Review 270.1573 (1997): 57-61. Easton, Steve. â€Å"Incarceration Aids Drug Fight.† USA Today 30 Sept. 2002: News A11. Free, Jr. Marvin D. â€Å"The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans.† Journal of Black Studies 28.2 (1997): 268-287. Goodwin, Catherine M. â€Å"Determining Mandatory Minimums In Drug Conspiracy Cases.† Federal Probation 59.1 (1995): 74-79. Heath, Erin. â€Å"One-Track Justice.† National Journal 33.34 (2001): 2614-2617. Locy, Toni and Joan Biskupic. â€Å"U.S. Panel to Urge Change in Crack Penalties.† USA Today 4 Aug. 2002: News A3. Stodghill, II, Ron. â€Å"Unequal Justice: Why Women Fare Worse.† Time 2 Jan. 1999: 50-52. Taylor Jr., Stewart. â€Å"Good Pardons, Bad Laws, and Bush’s Unique Opportunity.† National Journal 33.7 (2001): 466-468.

Success of BMW Campaign

The BMW campaign consisted of many major and small events which helped to market the new BMW Z3 roadster to the public. However, the question now is whether the campaign is successful in accomplishing that goal. Success of the BMW campaign can be measured in several ways. For example, it can be measured by its objectives (whether the objectives of the campaign have been met) or by the number of pre-orders made. In this case, due to the lack of knowledge about the number of pre-orders made after each event, we will be measuring by its objectives. We have identified 5 major objectives to the campaign as shown in the case. They are: (1) to motivate and stimulate dealer network, (2) develop an Order Bank, (3) reposition BMW as stylish and fun, (4) positioning Z3 in American culture and most importantly, (5) improve BMW’s brand awareness. To see whether the objectives have been met, we shall examine each individual event carefully. Dealer Advertising and Promotions Dealers’ support for BMW Z3 is important in launching this new car to the public. With 345 dealers and only 150 display cars during the promotional period, it proved to be a challenge for this partnership to occur. However, the dealers upgraded to meet the challenge and an order bank was developed. In addition, the dealer promotional package which showcased the private screening of the Golden Eye film and car before the box office film opening proved to be very effective in raising BMW’s brand awareness. As quoted, â€Å"these events attracted great local publicity, appearing in local newspapers, and often reported on metropolitan television and radio†. Their innovative package has also help to reposition BMW as being stylish and fun, which was also a way to help improve the Z3’s standing in the American market. As such, all the objectives have been met for this event, thus proving the success and effectiveness of this event. Product Placement in Golden Eye This non-traditional method of branded entertainment, or more commonly known as product placement, in a movie was very risky, as mentioned in @@@ (benefits and risks). However, Golden Eye turned out to be a hit in the box office in America, selling $26. 2 million in ticket sales. As consumers tend to switch off their resistance mechanism to advertisements during films (O’Guinn, Allen, Semenik, 2009), consumers are being more exposed and susceptible to these subtle advertisements in Golden Eye. As the main idea of tying Z3 with James Bond was to show the fun and ‘cool’ side to the car, it was successful in achieving the objective, together with the success of the movie. As a result, there were positive reviews made by New York Times, Motor Trend Magazine and even Forbes. A more tangible result was that over 9000 Z3 was pre-booked by December 1995 compared to the projected 5000. Needless to say, product placement was the key in the success of the campaign. Neiman Marcus Christmas Catalog Neiman Marcus Catalog was a unique point-of-contact to the consumers because the products it features are usually deemed as very desirable, similar to being a wish list. As proven, 100 orders were made within two days instead of the estimated 20 units sales goal, which came as a pleasant surprise to BMW and Neiman Marcus. In fact, there were 6000 customers’ orders or waiting list applications fighting for the 100 cars. This showed that this promotion idea was effective in selling Z3 to customers. Also, BMW can reach out to more customers via the catalog distribution too. BMW Internet Site The growing usage of Internet caused the popularity of company websites to increase in 1996. With the ‘Build Your Own Roadster’ module added to the site, visitors could visualise their own car from a variety of perspectives. One main benefit was that it could communicate product features or benefits effectively since consumers can examine the virtual car closely. Also, the personalisation effect can cause the consumers to feel a certain emotional bond to the product. Consumers who had spent a lot of effort during the shopping experience would evaluate the product as more favourable and important (Cardozo, 1965). Thus, this could greatly aid in the sales of Z3, assuming that Z3 can be personalised in terms of exterior, interior and top colours too. However, since the website did not have online purchase options at that time, the website could only prove to be useful in raising brand awareness and possibly instil a ‘fun’ factor. Press Launch in Central Park. This event was a major factor in helping not only to promote Z3 as a stylish, fun car but also greatly improving brand awareness. There were extensive coverage in both broadcast and print by major network news programs which improved Z3’s brand awareness drastically. Radio DJ Program This was important in the word-of-mouth effect which had three times the effect of other programs. This buzz marketing, which is a concept of peer-to-peer program, gave rise to conversations about BMW Z3. As the DJs were chosen with care, they were ideal in helping to spread the word about BMW (Khermouch, Green, 2001). This has also helped generate awareness about Z3 as well as positioning it to be fun and stylish. Summary Certainly, these events, whether small or big, have contributed one way or another to the success of the campaign as they reinforced and built upon one another to create a better effect. However, some of the promotional activities were only effective to a certain extent due to the constraint of technology knowledge and tools in that era. Nevertheless, the campaign achieved its goal to introduce and market Z3 into the American market.

Pictures and Profiles of Prehistoric Horses

The Study Of Evolution And Evolution - 1276 Words

THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION ------------------------------------------------------ The study of Evolution has been a hot topic of controversy over the last two centuries. The definition of evolutionary biology itself generally refers to an area of biological study mixed with the study of the evolutionary processes that are produced by the diversity of life on Earth. This tour of centuries ago, the one you are about to take will help you gain a better understanding of not only those who have influenced the theories of evolution, but also a few pieces of evidence of evolution that help support the theory itself. The history of evolution The theory of evolutionary biology that was formalized by Charles Darwin is just like any†¦show more content†¦Together with Alfred Russel Wallace, they introduced a scientific theory that branched patterns of evolution, resulting in a process called natural selection. He developed his ideas by observing many animals on the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that certain species in one geographical area was different from the same species in another field. At Galapagos Island, Charles discovered evidence of animal fossils that could help him prove the theory of natural selection. Many animals that Charles examined were; the land iguana, the marine iguana, saddle back Tortoise, the Flightless Cormorant and the cormorant. Scenic locations on Galapagos Island In addition, here are a few scenic locations located on the Galapagos Islands. One scenic area of Galapagos Island is Bartolome and Pinnacle Rock. One of the smaller islands in the Galà ¡pagos Archipelago is Bartolomà © Island, which has its unique feature known as the Pinnacle Rock. This rock has the most famous views of the islands. Bartolomà © lies south of the equator and east of the larger island known as San Salvador Island. Being one of the most visited islands, Bartolomà © is covered with volcanic ashes and hardened lava mountain flows. As visitors arrive at the steps outlined by the volcanic shoreline, they make their way up hundreds of steps made by Galapagos’ native wood mounted by lava, reaching

Expectancy Theory of Motivation Essay - 652 Words

The expectancy theory of motivation, which was first produced by Victor Vroom, has become a generally accepted theory for explaining how individuals make decisions concerning different behavioural alternatives. According to Vroom to motivate someone mere offer a person something to satisfy his important needs will not be adequate. In order for the person to be motivated, he must also be convincingly sure that he has the ability to obtain the reward. An employee’s motivation increases when he values a particular outcome greatly and when he feels a reasonably good chance of achieving the desired goal. This definition states that: Any individual acts in a way to reach a maximal effect with a minimal effort. The first major expectancy†¦show more content†¦Hirokawa and Scheerhorn (1986) developed a model of group decision-making that supports general expectancy theory concepts. This model shows how groups come to decisions, which factors outcome in decisions, and how individual group members affect quality of the decisions. Also, studies shows that treating people as a group may have many benefits, but it also has many objectionable consequences (Hansen 1997). One of the major consequences is that individuals are proven to show less effort when performing collectively than when performing individually. In ASKExpert case, Liz is an experienced system analyst and frequently absent from project meetings, by using Expectancy theory that supports decision-making in groups, it would help Liz to be more comfortable in project meetings. She can gather information from other employees’ of the company in addition to her own knowledge. The Expectancy Theory is a predictor of work motivation, effort expenditure and Job Performance. In the case of ASKExpert, a experienced program tester made a sudden resignation, leaving the company to seek another employee who doesn’t know the company procedures, therefore leaving the company in vulnerable position. Based on expectancy models of employee motivation fo und in the human resources management literature, it emphasizes the importance of providing employees with an understanding of what is expected of them if they are to contribute to service production and delivery, the capacityShow MoreRelatedThe Expectancy Theory of Motivation670 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s workforce there are many reasons why individuals get up every day and go to work. For most it is because they have bills to pay and this leads to their motivation to work is for the outcome of a paycheck. That is true for most, but how does motivation apply to an individual once they are at work and must perform their daily duties? No matter that is painting houses or a high level CIO building the backbone of a fortune 500 company, these individuals’ performances are based on their expectationsRead MoreExpectancy Theory of Motivation670 Words   |  3 PagesExpectancy Theory of Motivation In a business, what motivates employees to do their best? One theory that may explain the reasons why some employees seem more motivated than others is the Expectancy theory of motivation. The Expectancy theory operates under the assumption that employees will perform well based on self-belief and how much they desire the rewards their actions will render. Three key components and relationships in this theory determine how motivated an employee will choose to be:Read MoreExpectancy Theory of Motivation714 Words   |  3 PagesExpectancy Theory of Motivation, an approach to improving performance. Mark R. Mattox Western Governors University Expectancy Theory of Motivation â€Å"Expectancy Theory - A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.† (Judge 07/2012, p. 224) Explanation of the Three ComponentsRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreThe Expectancy Theory Of Motivation917 Words   |  4 Pages3.2 Theories Victor H. Vroom’s Theory (1964) developed the Expectancy Theory of Motivation. This theory is a behavioral theory that one behavior of an individual will be chosen over another type of behavior when positive performance will lead to desirable rewards. Figure 3.3 will illustrate the three components to this theory: expectancy, instrumentality, and valance, and show how the variables of Vroom’s theory is designed. Expectancy is the expectations how people perceive to meet the performanceRead MoreThe Vroom Expectancy Motivation Theory Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen some lack of motivation from Paul. According to Robbins, S. P. Judge, (184). Motivation is the process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. In this paper, I will use the Vroom Expectancy Motivation Theory to explain Jeannine Savaria’s motivation and what can her supervisor do to improve her motivation. Savaria’s motivation can be supported through the Vroom Expectancy Motivation Theory. This theory links the performanceRead MoreThe Expectancy Theory Of Employee Motivation868 Words   |  4 Pages This approach of recognizing and rewarding employees for their performance was first introduced by Victor Vroom in 1964 known as the Expectancy Theory. When employees are engaged they will exceed organizational expectations and function with a sense of ownership in their place of employment (Malik, (2012). Hema and Washington (2014) state, employee motivation is gained when subordinates are empowered; giving staff power and authority to make the choices without having to wait for management’sRead MoreMotivation, Self Determination Theory, And Expectancy Theory863 Words   |  4 Pages(2001-2016). Motivational theories can help support an employee to progress in the workplace; a few theories such as Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Acquired Needs Theory, Self -Determination theory, and expectancy theory relate to my professional life. I will explain if I agree/disagree with my PsyCap self-assessment and some developing strategies to advance in my career using my strengths. Also, I will talk about how I can employ goal-setting to increase motivation, and how my engagementsRead MoreExpectancy Theory of Motivation at Use in the Workplace1229 Words   |  5 Pages1 EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION AT USE IN THE WORKPLACE Leadership Concepts and Applications LET1 Student#: March 30, 2012 2 What is Motivation? Motivation is a word popularly used to explain why people behave as they do. Some psychologists and scientists view motivation as the factor that determines behavior, as expressed in the phrase â€Å"all behavior is motivated† (World Book, 1992). Some scientists view motivation as the factor that energizes behavior. According to this

Investigation Mathematics - Science and Technology Free Solution

Question: Discuss about the Investigation for Mathematics, Science and Technology. Answer: Introduction: Here the researcher is a teacher in a pre school. In this pre school kids of different ages are admitted. Children of different ages are not kept separately. The range of the age is between 2 years and 5 years. All the children are kept together. They are allowed to communicate with each other and also to play with each other. Here the researcher, being a teacher of the pre school, wants to know how young childrens investigations through play can facilitate and extend their understandings of mathematics, science and technology.There are total 25 children in the pre school. A group is made for understanding the childrens investigations through play can facilitate and extend their understandings of mathematics, science and technology.In the group only 16 children are selected. All these 16 students belong to the age group of 3 to 5 years. This particular group is chosen because they are of almost same age and they are found to be very friendly with each other. They also communicate and play with each other daily. The group contains both boys and girls. The number of boys in the group is 10 whereas the number of girls in the group is 6. The group is classified into 4 sub groups and each contains 4 children. The observation will be done for two weeks. The children are given different 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional shapes ( of different sizes ), few magnets and magnet sticks, clean water, cans or vessels of different sizes and shapes and other relevant objects with which they can play. Different toys and objects ( definite those that will not affect the children ) are also provided. Summary of the children's interests and understandings: While observing the children for two weeks, it has been found that the children construct different shapes with the objects that are given to them. Some of the children have a lot interest in this. Some of the children like to play with the magnets. They understand that magnets can attract some objects and at the same time they do not attract some objects. While playing they also understand the repel and attraction properties of the magnets. They are very much interested in building long poles with the help of magnet sticks. Some children are interested in interacting with different materials. Among the 16 children some are very interested in dropping an object from a height. They do not understand gravity, but they do understand that if an object is dropped from a height than it will definitely fall. Children also learn to count through this process. Some children are very interested in counting the number a particular object among different types of objects. They even love to arran ge the scrambled numbers and thus they understand the numbers and their proper orders. Some children are also interested in finding the matched objects among different types of objects. Thus the children understand the processes known as grouping, classifying, comparing, counting, detecting and other similar processes. Children also learn to add and subtract while playing. The children learn addition as the term of joining and subtraction as the term of taking away or finding the difference ( Montague and Price, 2012 ). An idea regarding the size and shape of the objects also come to the children through this method. Some children are very interested in playing water. They understand that water makes the hand or object wet. They also learn that water always moves downwards and different types of waves can be created in water. Learning Experience Plan: From the two week observation of this group of children, a learning plan will be made in order to increase the knowledge and understanding of the children on science, mathematics and technology while playing. The learning plan is performed with the help of the given Learning Experience Plan Proforma. Experience information: In this segment the name of the experience is written along with the date on which it will be performed. This plan is for each of the small groups that are made. In this segment the ages of the children are also included. Learning focus: The focus of this procedure will be to understand the interest, weakness and strength of the children. The developmental progress will be checked. The learning ability of the children will be measured twice, once at the beginning and the other will be done at the end of two weeks. This group is chosen because the children of these ages can learn efficiently if they are taught in proper manner. This is the age when the children start to learn effectively. EYLF / VEYLDF Outcomes: The outcomes are given below (Aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au, 2016): Outcome 1: children possess a very strong sense of identity Outcome 2: Children are linked with their world and they also contribute to their world Outcome 3: Children also possess a very strong sense regarding wellbeing Outcome 4: Children are involved learners. Outcome 5: Children are confident learners. Requirements and procedures: Four trained teachers are selected for observing the children and also for guiding them, when required. For this first of a large room will be selected. The walls of the room must be painted with different colours and attractive designs must be drawn on the walls so that the entire room becomes attractive. A chart will be arranged that includes the name of the children and other description. It will be used to evaluate the performances done by them in these two weeks. A feedback chart will also be made. It will be given to the parents of the children after one week in order to understand if the parents can feel any difference in their babies or not. It will be done in order to understand if the learning capabilities can be improved or not. In the room, different objects and materials will be kept for the children to use. The room will be designed in such a manner that it will look as a play room instead of a class room ( Davis and Keller, 2009 ). First of all, in order to understand the intuitive thinking of the children, a white space will be provided to the children along with different colours. (Amy, 2015) Few puzzle pieces will also be provided to the children in order to understand their intuitive thinking. Along with the puzzles blocks will also be provided in order to understand the spatial thinking of the children. Different shapes of different sizes are also provided. Among the shapes, some are regular shapes whereas some are irregular shapes(Amy, 2016). Counting materials will also be provided to the children so that they can learn counting, adding and subtracting. The children are to be provided different types of colourful books that contain songs, rhymes, pictures and other similar things( Davis and Keller, 2009 ). Few number games will also provided to the children so that they can learn the numbers and the counting while playing. The children will also be provided different types of shells, ribbons and transport toys. The colour of these objects will be different. Different types and sizes containers are also to be provided along with clean water. The children will also be provided a certain amount of sand. A set of cars will also be provided to them. The teacher will help them to play with the items that are provided. But this will be done only once, or in some cases twice, but not more than that. The children will be allowed to play with the objects by their own in order to understand the interests and learning capabilities of the children. Different musical instruments will also be provided to the students (Amy, 2015). A lot of toys and sot toys like teddies will also be provided to the children. The teachers will discuss on a topic with the children in order to see who can explain better. It will also help to understand that which child has better capability of copying others. A fruit festival will be arranged in the second week. In this festival different types of fruits will be provided to the children. The children w ill be asked to identify the fruits. From the identification capability of the children can be understood. In order to understand the capability of identification, counting and other results of learning methods, few experiments will be performed. The teacher will intentionally make mistakes in counting in front of the children, in order to understand which children can detect the error and answer the proper result of the counting. Similarly the teacher will intentionally detect wrong colours so that the children can identify the proper colour and name it. A sand box will also be provided to the children. Plan for review: A feedback form will be given to the parents of the children. It will be given at the beginning of the observation in order to understanding the condition of the children. Then it will be again given to them after one week in order to see if the parents can find any improvement in the children. Finally the feedback form will be again given at the end of observation. Then the results will be compared. A chart will also be maintained by the teachers so that they can also analyse the changes in the learning capability a children. Evaluation of the teaching and learning: It has been found that the children painted the entire space with symmetries and patterns. Children have made different and repeated strokes with different colours. It has also seen that the children have slide the puzzle pieces ad tuned it (Amy, 2015). While doing this, they have learned to flip it in order to fit the pieces. It has also been seen that some of the children have expressed in efficient approach especially when they have found that some children are doing the same work comparatively quicker than they are doing it. It can be seen that the children have learnt to detect similarities and differences among the shapes. Some children have also learnt about the position and orientation. It has also been seen that the children have learnt to sort objects. They have also learnt to classify the objects. Children have also learnt to compare different objects (Amy, 2015). The children have learnt to play with water and sand. They also learnt that these can be put into different c ontainers. The children have learnt to arrange the objects according to their sizes (Knaus, 2013 ). It can be seen that the children have also learnt to group the cards according to colours or symbols that are drawn on them. They have also learnt to arrange those cards in proper sequence. It is also seen that the students have learnt to find the missing piece in a pattern or in a picture and attached it properly. With the musical instruments that are provided to them, it has been found that the children have also learnt to brain storm different types of rhymes or counting songs. The children have also learnt that by providing a force i.e. by pushing or pulling an object can be moved (Amy, 2015). Though they do not understand the term friction, but they have learnt that sliding an object along a smooth plane requires less force whereas in the same object is moved by sliding on a comparatively rough plane. While playing with water and sand they understand the terms full or empty. Whil e playing water they also understand that some of the objects sink in the water whereas some objects float on it. It has been seen that the acting out concepts or science drama helps the children to use proper language. It can be seen that different children have different interests, and they also have different types of ideas. Some like to construct a shape with the materials that are provided to them whereas some like to destroy those shapes and like to watch them fall. Some like to see an object floating on water whereas some like to see an object sinking in the water. It can be seen that some children have performed some tasks spontaneously whereas some children have copied them and have done the same activities in the similar manner. It was expected that all the children would improve their learning capabilities effectively; unfortunately, two children were found who were not interested in any of the paying items that were given to them. The main reason behind this is pointed out to be the insufficient planning method. The planning must be more effective. The duration of the observation is also not adequate. If the children can be observed for a longer time period, then the result could be different. By staying with other children, these two children may also learn to have interest in the playing materials that are provided to them and at the same time they would definitely learn different aspects of mathematics, science and technology. It can be seen that in the sand box, some children are playing sand; some are constructing shapes with shape whereas some children are making figures in the sand and some are destructing the shapes that are constructed by other children. Hence, it can be found that through playing, children can understand and extend their knowledge of mathematics, science and technology. Reflections and future practice: From the observation and the results it has been found that children can learn quickly and effectively if they are taught by playing. If the children the studies as play, then they will learn it faster than others. If the students understand that study is a different thing than playing or other enjoyment, they may become a slow learner and may also not have proper enthusiasm. Therefore, the planning must be done such a way that the children can have interest in learning and they can learn while playing. The teacher must behave as a friend with them. The children must be allowed to do brainstorming on any topic they like. From this the constructive idea of the children can be understood and it also can be improved (Amy, 2015). Depending on the feedback of the parents the methods of teaching and the learning plan will be altered in order to improve the efficiency of the plan. For the children who are not interested in any of the playing items provided to the children a different approa ch must be applied. The parents of these children should be called for discussion and the reason behind for not being interested must be identified. After identifying the proper reason, the children must be taught in a more friendly manner ( the method that they would prefer the most ) so that they can have interest in learning. The feed backs and the result of the observation are very important in the future investigation so that in future the methods that are going to be applied can be more effective and efficient. In future, while planning is to be done for similar works, then the planning should contain day to day activities and the observation must be done for at least one month in order to have a better understanding and analysis. The planning may contain some practical experiments ( Seefeldt et al., 2012 ). It will help the children to understand about the different sciences i.e. physical science, chemical science and life science. From this the children may also learn about the state of an object. Finally, from the report it can be concluded that the children can learn about mathematics, science and technology through playing effectively. It is a quicker and efficient learning process. References: Amy, M. (2015). EMC305: Investigation: Mathematics, Science and Technology.Investigating mathematics: Patterns and space. Amy, M. (2015). EMC305: Investigation: Mathematics, Science and Technology.Acquisition of a mathematical, scientific and technological identity through language and play. Amy, M. (2015). EMC305: Investigation: Mathematics, Science and Technology.Investigating mathematics: Number. Amy, M. (2015).Investigating science: Physical science. Amy, M. (2016).Investigating science: Physical and chemical sciences. Aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au. (2016). EYLF Learning Outcomes - Aussie Childcare Network. [online] Available at: https://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/articles/childcare-programming/eylf-learning-outcomes [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Knaus, M. (2013). Geometry: Spatial awareness and shape. In Maths is all around you: Developing mathematical concepts in the early years (pp. 61-76). Albert Park, VIC: Teaching Solutions. Davis, G.A., Keller, J.D. (2009). Measurement A way to capture observations in mathematics and science. In Exploring science and mathematics in a childs world (pp. 49-69). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Montague-Smith, A., Price, A.J. (2012). Number and counting. In Mathematics in early years education (3rd ed., ebook). New York: Routledge. Seefeldt, C., Galper, A., Stevenson-Garcia, J. (2012). Developing geometric and spatial thinking skills. In Active experiences for active children: Mathematics (3rd ed., pp. 100-117). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.