The Study Of Evolution And Evolution - 1276 Words

THE STUDY OF EVOLUTION ------------------------------------------------------ The study of Evolution has been a hot topic of controversy over the last two centuries. The definition of evolutionary biology itself generally refers to an area of biological study mixed with the study of the evolutionary processes that are produced by the diversity of life on Earth. This tour of centuries ago, the one you are about to take will help you gain a better understanding of not only those who have influenced the theories of evolution, but also a few pieces of evidence of evolution that help support the theory itself. The history of evolution The theory of evolutionary biology that was formalized by Charles Darwin is just like any†¦show more content†¦Together with Alfred Russel Wallace, they introduced a scientific theory that branched patterns of evolution, resulting in a process called natural selection. He developed his ideas by observing many animals on the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that certain species in one geographical area was different from the same species in another field. At Galapagos Island, Charles discovered evidence of animal fossils that could help him prove the theory of natural selection. Many animals that Charles examined were; the land iguana, the marine iguana, saddle back Tortoise, the Flightless Cormorant and the cormorant. Scenic locations on Galapagos Island In addition, here are a few scenic locations located on the Galapagos Islands. One scenic area of Galapagos Island is Bartolome and Pinnacle Rock. One of the smaller islands in the Galà ¡pagos Archipelago is Bartolomà © Island, which has its unique feature known as the Pinnacle Rock. This rock has the most famous views of the islands. Bartolomà © lies south of the equator and east of the larger island known as San Salvador Island. Being one of the most visited islands, Bartolomà © is covered with volcanic ashes and hardened lava mountain flows. As visitors arrive at the steps outlined by the volcanic shoreline, they make their way up hundreds of steps made by Galapagos’ native wood mounted by lava, reaching

Expectancy Theory of Motivation Essay - 652 Words

The expectancy theory of motivation, which was first produced by Victor Vroom, has become a generally accepted theory for explaining how individuals make decisions concerning different behavioural alternatives. According to Vroom to motivate someone mere offer a person something to satisfy his important needs will not be adequate. In order for the person to be motivated, he must also be convincingly sure that he has the ability to obtain the reward. An employee’s motivation increases when he values a particular outcome greatly and when he feels a reasonably good chance of achieving the desired goal. This definition states that: Any individual acts in a way to reach a maximal effect with a minimal effort. The first major expectancy†¦show more content†¦Hirokawa and Scheerhorn (1986) developed a model of group decision-making that supports general expectancy theory concepts. This model shows how groups come to decisions, which factors outcome in decisions, and how individual group members affect quality of the decisions. Also, studies shows that treating people as a group may have many benefits, but it also has many objectionable consequences (Hansen 1997). One of the major consequences is that individuals are proven to show less effort when performing collectively than when performing individually. In ASKExpert case, Liz is an experienced system analyst and frequently absent from project meetings, by using Expectancy theory that supports decision-making in groups, it would help Liz to be more comfortable in project meetings. She can gather information from other employees’ of the company in addition to her own knowledge. The Expectancy Theory is a predictor of work motivation, effort expenditure and Job Performance. In the case of ASKExpert, a experienced program tester made a sudden resignation, leaving the company to seek another employee who doesn’t know the company procedures, therefore leaving the company in vulnerable position. Based on expectancy models of employee motivation fo und in the human resources management literature, it emphasizes the importance of providing employees with an understanding of what is expected of them if they are to contribute to service production and delivery, the capacityShow MoreRelatedThe Expectancy Theory of Motivation670 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s workforce there are many reasons why individuals get up every day and go to work. For most it is because they have bills to pay and this leads to their motivation to work is for the outcome of a paycheck. That is true for most, but how does motivation apply to an individual once they are at work and must perform their daily duties? 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Investigation Mathematics - Science and Technology Free Solution

Question: Discuss about the Investigation for Mathematics, Science and Technology. Answer: Introduction: Here the researcher is a teacher in a pre school. In this pre school kids of different ages are admitted. Children of different ages are not kept separately. The range of the age is between 2 years and 5 years. All the children are kept together. They are allowed to communicate with each other and also to play with each other. Here the researcher, being a teacher of the pre school, wants to know how young childrens investigations through play can facilitate and extend their understandings of mathematics, science and technology.There are total 25 children in the pre school. A group is made for understanding the childrens investigations through play can facilitate and extend their understandings of mathematics, science and technology.In the group only 16 children are selected. All these 16 students belong to the age group of 3 to 5 years. This particular group is chosen because they are of almost same age and they are found to be very friendly with each other. They also communicate and play with each other daily. The group contains both boys and girls. The number of boys in the group is 10 whereas the number of girls in the group is 6. The group is classified into 4 sub groups and each contains 4 children. The observation will be done for two weeks. The children are given different 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional shapes ( of different sizes ), few magnets and magnet sticks, clean water, cans or vessels of different sizes and shapes and other relevant objects with which they can play. Different toys and objects ( definite those that will not affect the children ) are also provided. Summary of the children's interests and understandings: While observing the children for two weeks, it has been found that the children construct different shapes with the objects that are given to them. Some of the children have a lot interest in this. Some of the children like to play with the magnets. They understand that magnets can attract some objects and at the same time they do not attract some objects. While playing they also understand the repel and attraction properties of the magnets. They are very much interested in building long poles with the help of magnet sticks. Some children are interested in interacting with different materials. Among the 16 children some are very interested in dropping an object from a height. They do not understand gravity, but they do understand that if an object is dropped from a height than it will definitely fall. Children also learn to count through this process. Some children are very interested in counting the number a particular object among different types of objects. They even love to arran ge the scrambled numbers and thus they understand the numbers and their proper orders. Some children are also interested in finding the matched objects among different types of objects. Thus the children understand the processes known as grouping, classifying, comparing, counting, detecting and other similar processes. Children also learn to add and subtract while playing. The children learn addition as the term of joining and subtraction as the term of taking away or finding the difference ( Montague and Price, 2012 ). An idea regarding the size and shape of the objects also come to the children through this method. Some children are very interested in playing water. They understand that water makes the hand or object wet. They also learn that water always moves downwards and different types of waves can be created in water. Learning Experience Plan: From the two week observation of this group of children, a learning plan will be made in order to increase the knowledge and understanding of the children on science, mathematics and technology while playing. The learning plan is performed with the help of the given Learning Experience Plan Proforma. Experience information: In this segment the name of the experience is written along with the date on which it will be performed. This plan is for each of the small groups that are made. In this segment the ages of the children are also included. Learning focus: The focus of this procedure will be to understand the interest, weakness and strength of the children. The developmental progress will be checked. The learning ability of the children will be measured twice, once at the beginning and the other will be done at the end of two weeks. This group is chosen because the children of these ages can learn efficiently if they are taught in proper manner. This is the age when the children start to learn effectively. EYLF / VEYLDF Outcomes: The outcomes are given below (Aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au, 2016): Outcome 1: children possess a very strong sense of identity Outcome 2: Children are linked with their world and they also contribute to their world Outcome 3: Children also possess a very strong sense regarding wellbeing Outcome 4: Children are involved learners. Outcome 5: Children are confident learners. Requirements and procedures: Four trained teachers are selected for observing the children and also for guiding them, when required. For this first of a large room will be selected. The walls of the room must be painted with different colours and attractive designs must be drawn on the walls so that the entire room becomes attractive. A chart will be arranged that includes the name of the children and other description. It will be used to evaluate the performances done by them in these two weeks. A feedback chart will also be made. It will be given to the parents of the children after one week in order to understand if the parents can feel any difference in their babies or not. It will be done in order to understand if the learning capabilities can be improved or not. In the room, different objects and materials will be kept for the children to use. The room will be designed in such a manner that it will look as a play room instead of a class room ( Davis and Keller, 2009 ). First of all, in order to understand the intuitive thinking of the children, a white space will be provided to the children along with different colours. (Amy, 2015) Few puzzle pieces will also be provided to the children in order to understand their intuitive thinking. Along with the puzzles blocks will also be provided in order to understand the spatial thinking of the children. Different shapes of different sizes are also provided. Among the shapes, some are regular shapes whereas some are irregular shapes(Amy, 2016). Counting materials will also be provided to the children so that they can learn counting, adding and subtracting. The children are to be provided different types of colourful books that contain songs, rhymes, pictures and other similar things( Davis and Keller, 2009 ). Few number games will also provided to the children so that they can learn the numbers and the counting while playing. The children will also be provided different types of shells, ribbons and transport toys. The colour of these objects will be different. Different types and sizes containers are also to be provided along with clean water. The children will also be provided a certain amount of sand. A set of cars will also be provided to them. The teacher will help them to play with the items that are provided. But this will be done only once, or in some cases twice, but not more than that. The children will be allowed to play with the objects by their own in order to understand the interests and learning capabilities of the children. Different musical instruments will also be provided to the students (Amy, 2015). A lot of toys and sot toys like teddies will also be provided to the children. The teachers will discuss on a topic with the children in order to see who can explain better. It will also help to understand that which child has better capability of copying others. A fruit festival will be arranged in the second week. In this festival different types of fruits will be provided to the children. The children w ill be asked to identify the fruits. From the identification capability of the children can be understood. In order to understand the capability of identification, counting and other results of learning methods, few experiments will be performed. The teacher will intentionally make mistakes in counting in front of the children, in order to understand which children can detect the error and answer the proper result of the counting. Similarly the teacher will intentionally detect wrong colours so that the children can identify the proper colour and name it. A sand box will also be provided to the children. Plan for review: A feedback form will be given to the parents of the children. It will be given at the beginning of the observation in order to understanding the condition of the children. Then it will be again given to them after one week in order to see if the parents can find any improvement in the children. Finally the feedback form will be again given at the end of observation. Then the results will be compared. A chart will also be maintained by the teachers so that they can also analyse the changes in the learning capability a children. Evaluation of the teaching and learning: It has been found that the children painted the entire space with symmetries and patterns. Children have made different and repeated strokes with different colours. It has also seen that the children have slide the puzzle pieces ad tuned it (Amy, 2015). While doing this, they have learned to flip it in order to fit the pieces. It has also been seen that some of the children have expressed in efficient approach especially when they have found that some children are doing the same work comparatively quicker than they are doing it. It can be seen that the children have learnt to detect similarities and differences among the shapes. Some children have also learnt about the position and orientation. It has also been seen that the children have learnt to sort objects. They have also learnt to classify the objects. Children have also learnt to compare different objects (Amy, 2015). The children have learnt to play with water and sand. They also learnt that these can be put into different c ontainers. The children have learnt to arrange the objects according to their sizes (Knaus, 2013 ). It can be seen that the children have also learnt to group the cards according to colours or symbols that are drawn on them. They have also learnt to arrange those cards in proper sequence. It is also seen that the students have learnt to find the missing piece in a pattern or in a picture and attached it properly. With the musical instruments that are provided to them, it has been found that the children have also learnt to brain storm different types of rhymes or counting songs. The children have also learnt that by providing a force i.e. by pushing or pulling an object can be moved (Amy, 2015). Though they do not understand the term friction, but they have learnt that sliding an object along a smooth plane requires less force whereas in the same object is moved by sliding on a comparatively rough plane. While playing with water and sand they understand the terms full or empty. Whil e playing water they also understand that some of the objects sink in the water whereas some objects float on it. It has been seen that the acting out concepts or science drama helps the children to use proper language. It can be seen that different children have different interests, and they also have different types of ideas. Some like to construct a shape with the materials that are provided to them whereas some like to destroy those shapes and like to watch them fall. Some like to see an object floating on water whereas some like to see an object sinking in the water. It can be seen that some children have performed some tasks spontaneously whereas some children have copied them and have done the same activities in the similar manner. It was expected that all the children would improve their learning capabilities effectively; unfortunately, two children were found who were not interested in any of the paying items that were given to them. The main reason behind this is pointed out to be the insufficient planning method. The planning must be more effective. The duration of the observation is also not adequate. If the children can be observed for a longer time period, then the result could be different. By staying with other children, these two children may also learn to have interest in the playing materials that are provided to them and at the same time they would definitely learn different aspects of mathematics, science and technology. It can be seen that in the sand box, some children are playing sand; some are constructing shapes with shape whereas some children are making figures in the sand and some are destructing the shapes that are constructed by other children. Hence, it can be found that through playing, children can understand and extend their knowledge of mathematics, science and technology. Reflections and future practice: From the observation and the results it has been found that children can learn quickly and effectively if they are taught by playing. If the children the studies as play, then they will learn it faster than others. If the students understand that study is a different thing than playing or other enjoyment, they may become a slow learner and may also not have proper enthusiasm. Therefore, the planning must be done such a way that the children can have interest in learning and they can learn while playing. The teacher must behave as a friend with them. The children must be allowed to do brainstorming on any topic they like. From this the constructive idea of the children can be understood and it also can be improved (Amy, 2015). Depending on the feedback of the parents the methods of teaching and the learning plan will be altered in order to improve the efficiency of the plan. For the children who are not interested in any of the playing items provided to the children a different approa ch must be applied. The parents of these children should be called for discussion and the reason behind for not being interested must be identified. After identifying the proper reason, the children must be taught in a more friendly manner ( the method that they would prefer the most ) so that they can have interest in learning. The feed backs and the result of the observation are very important in the future investigation so that in future the methods that are going to be applied can be more effective and efficient. In future, while planning is to be done for similar works, then the planning should contain day to day activities and the observation must be done for at least one month in order to have a better understanding and analysis. The planning may contain some practical experiments ( Seefeldt et al., 2012 ). It will help the children to understand about the different sciences i.e. physical science, chemical science and life science. From this the children may also learn about the state of an object. Finally, from the report it can be concluded that the children can learn about mathematics, science and technology through playing effectively. It is a quicker and efficient learning process. References: Amy, M. (2015). EMC305: Investigation: Mathematics, Science and Technology.Investigating mathematics: Patterns and space. Amy, M. (2015). EMC305: Investigation: Mathematics, Science and Technology.Acquisition of a mathematical, scientific and technological identity through language and play. Amy, M. (2015). EMC305: Investigation: Mathematics, Science and Technology.Investigating mathematics: Number. Amy, M. (2015).Investigating science: Physical science. Amy, M. (2016).Investigating science: Physical and chemical sciences. Aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au. (2016). EYLF Learning Outcomes - Aussie Childcare Network. [online] Available at: https://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/articles/childcare-programming/eylf-learning-outcomes [Accessed 13 Sep. 2016]. Knaus, M. (2013). Geometry: Spatial awareness and shape. In Maths is all around you: Developing mathematical concepts in the early years (pp. 61-76). Albert Park, VIC: Teaching Solutions. Davis, G.A., Keller, J.D. (2009). Measurement A way to capture observations in mathematics and science. In Exploring science and mathematics in a childs world (pp. 49-69). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Montague-Smith, A., Price, A.J. (2012). Number and counting. In Mathematics in early years education (3rd ed., ebook). New York: Routledge. Seefeldt, C., Galper, A., Stevenson-Garcia, J. (2012). Developing geometric and spatial thinking skills. In Active experiences for active children: Mathematics (3rd ed., pp. 100-117). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Proton Inspira free essay sample

The new Inspira offers three different variations from 1. 8 litre manual to a 1. 8 litre CVT, and a 2. 0 litre CVT, which definitely caters to a wider range of potential users than just one engine transmission option. From inside the quality of the materials is the similar as it is in the Lancer. In addition, the inside instrumentation were all initially developed for the Lancer, and it is an effortless case of transferring them all over to the Inspira (mybiebie, 2010). 1. 3 Product Life Cycle [PLC] Producing the Proton Inspira will not be quite easy, because no one knows about the new product yet. That is why managers of the company should apply some marketing strategies in order to attract customer. Introduction Level When the Proton Inspira will be introduced, sales will be low down until customers know the product and its benefits. It will take time to find acceptance by customers. With any kind of new products, it must be introduced to the market place with right price and image. We will write a custom essay sample on Proton Inspira or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company must ensure that they have infrastructure in order to support the product. Through the introduction level, the main goal is to launch a market and build major demand for the product class.Below are some implications of the marketing mix to the introduction level applied on Inspira: ? Price: usually high, assuming a float pricing plan for a high profit margin as the early adopters buys the car and the company seeks to regain development costs quickly. ? Distribution Distribution is discerning and scattered as the company starts performance of the distribution preparation. ? Promotion Promotion is aimed at structuring brand attentiveness. Customers can try to sit in the car and feel it. The starting promotion as well is intended to persuade potential resellers to bear the product (quickMBA).Growth Level The growth level is a period of quick revenue growth. Sales will increase in this stage as more as more customers get to know about Proton Inspira and its benefits. More market segments are besieged. More customers will be asking for it therefore sales will increase. Moreover, the marketing team group will expand the allocation in this point. Therefore, competitors will enter market during the second half of growth level. They will offer fewer prices for their new products and increase their promotions in order to gain more customers (tutor2u, PLC).Maturity Level This will be the most profitable level in the product life cycle. Sales will increase more slowly in this stage. Advertising expenditure will be reduced because people will be aware about this product. Competition may decrease the market share and prices. Competing products will be alike. Decline Level In this stage, sales will start to decline as the market becomes soaked and customers? tastes will change as well. The profitability will be maintained longer if the product has brand loyalty (quickMBA). 2. 0 Analysis 2. 1 Proton | SWOT AnalysisStrength Binds with former ASEAN markets that support all the time through Asian Free Trade Area induced tariff diminutions, which will offer advantages for carmakers standing themselves in Malaysia. The marketplace continues to exert a pull on investment from main carmakers. As well to successes in product collection, Proton has as well made admirable progress to bring about other effective improvements. The focal point on cost management resulted in cost funds for new models, which were then approved on to the customers throughout reasonable pricing.Highlighting on the elevation of the automotive environment saw the strengthening of the seller base and trader network. These good reasons initiatives enabled Proton together with sellers and dealers to bring superior quality of package and be more competitive. In addition of the previous strengths: ? ? National Car Government support ? Strong brand in Malaysia Proton Holding Berhad will continue to strengthen itself in all characteristics to effective, financial and corporate to superior equip itself in the future.It will approve a three-pronged force namely progress of market obsessed products, spotlight on high growth local mar kets and a manufacture strategy that accomplishes economies of scale. Weaknesses The nationwide industry is in decline, by Proton losing market control for the first time in 2006 Protectionist method are still barring new contestants; mainly Chinese manufacturers such as Geely Car possession levels are comparatively high at one car for every four people, evaluated with one for every 30 in neighbouring Thailand and Indonesia.Then, the active quality issue can affect brand image caused by active service units such as political interfering by Tun Porsche on seller selection, engagement of top management and design. Plant operation low can also lack of ability to retain and cultivate talent, incapacity to introduce actual new models, no economies of scale inability to go through export markets, incapability to satisfy customers wants, no sense importance, corporate domination and full numbness of developments in the auto industry. Opportunities Faced with deteriorating domestic sales and improbability regarding a planned partnership, Malaysia? Proton has put its sights overseas. The business is evaluating a plan to build a manufacture plant in Egypt, which would operate as a entrance to Africa and West Asia and increase the carmaker? s exports. Proton by now sells its Gen. 2 and confidence models in African markets, for instance Egypt and South Africa. Confirming that a market for the company? s models already subsists. According to Proton management Director Syed Zainal Abidin Syed, Egypt provides a huge market but could also precede as a base to countries for example Saudi Arabia and Sudan.Threats Malaysia? s trade argument with Thailand above non-trade barriers in the automotive manufacturing could obstruct the export projects of main carmakers growing aptitude levels of approximately 700,000 units could affect in a supply surplus Thailand? s strategy threatens other developed bases in the region. Except, Proton and Perodua have been together since December 2006 when Perodua outsold Proton in monthly trades by 99 cars. Perodua? s guide was diminutive lived when Proton sold Perodua the subsequent month by 550 cars.

Women and Men an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Women and Men As human beings, there are some aspects in our thought that we cant account for why we particularly think that way. Sometimes, we discover we have some preconceived ideas about a group of people, an issue or about a thing, not knowing what informs our perspective of the issue we are thinking of. When this happens, then we have a stereotype about the idea in question. Need essay sample on "Women and Men" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Stereotypes can be said to be fixed ideas about a thing, concept, or a group of people as a result of an oversimplification of certain studies about the concept, thing or group of people. Generally speaking, stereotypes have been in human thought as far back as society has existed and could be both negative and positive as it comes as a result of biases that fill the minds of people. Thus, we can say that all stereotypes are fallacies because they draw a conclusion from the number of evidence which they have observed. An example of stereotypes is the claim that Black people are better in sports than white people. Indeed, the society has made a definition of the roles that men and women should fill. Today, it is not absurd to note that some attributes are expected to be peculiar to women and men in the society. It is believed that each sex should be appreciated by the restrictions of the various boundaries that the society has placed on them. Therefore, when some things are done by women or men in the society, people say that these actions expected because the fact that it is accepted of the sex to behave in that manner. One of the ways by which the society displays their stereotype on both sexes is by ascribing some gender roles to men and women in the society. In our society today, one of the prevalent stereotypes that are being held by people generally is the fact that women should be tender and soft while men should be hard. The question that this essay seeks to answer is why people hold this position? In this essay, attempt will also be made in ascertaining whether the basis of their claim is really sound. As I perceive, the first reason why people hold this position is because of the psychological makeup of both sex. The truth is that men are wired in such a way that they rely more on facts rather that sentiments and emotions. This is probably what accounts for the way they think and behave generally. On the other hand, because of their psychological makeup, women tend to be more emotional and this makes them tenderer and less hard than men. Oftentimes, there is a unique distinction between how these two sexes think. Psychological findings have proved that due to the brain formation of men, they tend to think in the factual way and tend to have an analytic approach to issues. On the other hand, the composition of the brain of a woman makes her thinking to be directed towards a rather softer and sentimental/emotional way and this is how they view life. Overtime, I believe that the gender roles that have been ascribed to the woman and the man can also be the responsible for this claim. Naturally, because of the physiological makeup of men, the society tends to believe that man should be responsible for the duties that require strength while women, who look more fragile, should handle tasks that demand lesser strength. Apart from this, man is entrusted with leadership over women therefore although men have emotions; they tend not to want to show it as they see it as a sign of weakness. At this point, the question is given the gender roles that have been attributed to both men and women, should men be taught in way by which women are taught in the society? Would this make them better? Personally, I am of the opinion that this would be a welcomed idea because men have caved under the burden of responsibility that the society has placed on him but still does not recognize some aspects that are in him. He wants to show that he is stronger and that he is in charge and that he has everything under control. As much as I appreciate the fact that men are standing up to their responsibilities, I believe he should be taught in a way where he will appreciate the emotional side of him rather than seeking to ignore it. This, for me, is the balanced life. Reference: Media Awareness Network, What is a Stereotype? Media Awareness Network, Exposing Gender Stereotypes Hurst, E. Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences(2007) Boston: Pearson Education, Inc

Effect of indo on family essays

Effect of indo on family essays What has been the effect of industrialisation on the family? In our society there are many different types of families. Depending on the way someone has been raised, his or her perception of a family would differ. The types of families that are common to our world are as follows: Extended family, Nuclear family, Lone parent family and the Reconstituted families. The extended family usually consists of 3 generations: the grandparents, parents and children. The extended family has been popular amongst people living in an agricultural society. This is usually because so many hands are needed to work in the fields. Industrialised families can also contain extended families. This could be because in times of poverty a larger family could help economically. The nuclear family is smaller then the extended family and is made up of parents and their children. Some agricultural societies have nuclear families because its crucial to survive. This could be because of lack of food, shelter etc. therefore a smaller family would be useful. The lone parent f amily includes a single parent and his/her dependant children. These types of families tend to be governed by females. Single parents are usually the product of divorce, death of a partner or pregnancy outside of marriage. Finally stepmothers or stepfathers manage the reconstituted families. Now that we are aware of what types of families are existent around us we can move on to what the industrial revolution done to the family. R.M. Maclver and C.H Page are of the functionalist family, along with Talcott Parsons and Ronald Fletcher. Maclver and page believe that both the extended and nuclear family have a number of functions. The roles of the nuclear family are to provide a home, production and rearing of children and sexual needs and the extended family has several functions (therefore making it multi-functional) and patriarchal (which means it is headed by a male). Maclver...

Murabaha Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Murabaha - Assignment Example Murabaha is a contract of trust, thus, the goods must be of the quality agreed between the bank and customer. The bank bears the risks that the goods may develop a defect or may be destroyed, since Murabaha is executed at the second sale. The customer can reject the goods if they contain defects or for the reasons of unsatisfactory performance (Hayes and Vogel 141). It is prohibited to sell Waqf (endowments) since they are not owned by a specific person and for any sell to be valid; the owner must be unambiguously identifiable. Istibdal, which is the sale of Waqf land, can be entered in Murabaha agreement, since the proceeds are used for the purchase of another land to be used for the Waqf purposes. However, according to Hanbalis, the benefits of Waqf cannot be obtained where the land is ruined, barren or is a mosque that is not used for prayers (Iqbal and Greuning 40). A bank conducting a purchase under a Murabaha contract may open a documentary credit in a foreign bank and receive commissions. Fiqh Academies prefer the prevention of banks taking the commission since it may demand the value of the guarantee in case of buyer defaulting on the agreement (Schoon 32). The bank should notify the buyer of such commission and pass it to the buyer by a way of reduction in the Murabaha contract price (Haron and Azmi 400). It is not allowed for the bank to finance a concluded deal between the client and owner of goods under a Murabaha contract. Murabaha entails the selling of an identifiable good that the seller owns, disclosing the costs and adding a mutually agreed mark up to the cost of the goods (Saeed 58). Murahaba agreements are not valid for the goods which are not bought or in the possession of the bank (Kettel 48). If the concluded deal is for a specific transaction, the bank should request for evidence of the termination of the concluded deal before it can enter in to a Murabaha agreement with the client. According